There are any different drugs that are given for their various effects on the brain and mind. The following is a list of some of those drugs and their effects
ALENDRONATE
AKA: Alendronate sodium, Fos-amax. A drug used for the treatment of osteoporosis.
Effects: There are two anecdotal cases of patients who have had improved memory and mental functioning after taking it. As yet, this has not been supported by clinical evidence.
Precautions: It elicits adverse effects in those who have severe kidney disease or an allergy to Alendronate; it can also worsen such gastrointestinal disorders as swallowing difficulties, ulcers, and stomach irritations. Common side effects include abdominal or stomach discomfort, nausea, breathing problems, constipation, gas, diarrhea, and ulcers. Less common side effects include difficulty in swallowing, muscle pain, and headache. Rare side effects include taste perception changes and vomiting. Overdose symptoms include upset stomach, heartburn, throat irritation, ulcer, and low levels of calcium and phosphate in the blood. The absorption of Alendronate can be interfered with by antacids, calcium supplements, and other oral medications, which should not be taken within thirty minutes of Alendronate. Stomach or intestinal problems can result when mixed with aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or other anti-inflammatory drugs. Food or drink (including mineral water) should not be consumed for at least thirty minutes after taking Alendronate.
AKA: Alendronate sodium, Fos-amax. A drug used for the treatment of osteoporosis.
Effects: There are two anecdotal cases of patients who have had improved memory and mental functioning after taking it. As yet, this has not been supported by clinical evidence.
Precautions: It elicits adverse effects in those who have severe kidney disease or an allergy to Alendronate; it can also worsen such gastrointestinal disorders as swallowing difficulties, ulcers, and stomach irritations. Common side effects include abdominal or stomach discomfort, nausea, breathing problems, constipation, gas, diarrhea, and ulcers. Less common side effects include difficulty in swallowing, muscle pain, and headache. Rare side effects include taste perception changes and vomiting. Overdose symptoms include upset stomach, heartburn, throat irritation, ulcer, and low levels of calcium and phosphate in the blood. The absorption of Alendronate can be interfered with by antacids, calcium supplements, and other oral medications, which should not be taken within thirty minutes of Alendronate. Stomach or intestinal problems can result when mixed with aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or other anti-inflammatory drugs. Food or drink (including mineral water) should not be consumed for at least thirty minutes after taking Alendronate.
ASPIRIN
AKA: Alka-Seltzer with Aspirin, Arthritis Pain Formula, A.S.A., Ascriptin A/D, Ascriptin Extra Strength, Aspergum, Bayer, Bayer 8-Hour, Bufferin, Bufferin Arthritis Strength, Bufferin Extra Strength, Carna Arthritis Pain Reliever, Ecotrin, Ecotrin Maximum Strength, Empirin, Maximum Bayer, Measurin, Norwich Extra-Strength, ZORprin.
Effects: According to the authors of The Pill Book, "aspirin may be the closest thing we have to a wonder drug" and "is the standard against which all other drugs are compared for pain relief and for reduction of inflammation." It has proven effective against multi-infarct dementia (MID), a form of senility in which small blood clots form in the brain, which is believed to comprise about 20 percent of all cases of senile dementia. Some suggest that aspirin may be helpful in preventing Alzheimer's, though studies have yet to be done to confirm this. Aspirin can also help prevent migraines, heart attacks and strokes. When combined with cholesterol-lowering drugs known as statins, aspirin may lower the risk of colon cancer, though more research needs to be done.
Precautions: It should not be used by those who have liver damage, who are allergic to aspirin or tartrazine (a common food coloring), who have peptic ulcers or a bleeding disorder, or who have a history of nasal polyps, asthma, or rhinitis. Buffered effervescent tablets and sodium salicylate should not be used by those who need to restrict sodium in their diet. Those with gout should consult a physician first. Use should be discontinued if dizziness, hearing loss, or ringing or buzzing in the ears develops. Aspirin can significantly reduce blood coagulation, and so should not be taken at least a week before — and probably some time after — surgery, including dental surgery. It can also reduce the body's production of melatonin by 75 percent, and render urine tests for blood sugar inaccurate. Common side effects include nausea, upset stomach, heartburn, loss of appetite, vomiting, and bloody stools. Other possible side effects include hives, rashes, liver damage, fever, thirst, difficulty sleeping, vision difficulties, and increased formation of stomach ulcers and stomach bleeding. Rare side effects include intense headaches, convulsions, excessive drowsiness, a flushing of the skin, a ringing in the ears, loss of hearing, excessive vomiting, facial swelling, vision problems, black or bloody stools, severe stomach pains or cramps. Excessive doses of 2000 mg or more per day can lower blood sugar, which may cause problems for diabetics, and even a few aspirin can cause the body to excrete vitamin C at up to three times the normal rate. A mild overdose produces symptoms which include deep and rapid breathing, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, a ringing or buzzing in the ears, flushing, sweating, thirst, headache, drowsiness, diarrhea, and rapid heartbeat. A severe overdose produces symptoms which include fever, excitement, confusion, convulsions, hallucinations, liver or kidney failure, coma, and bleeding. The lethal dosage is 30 to 90 regular-strength tablets and 20 to 40 maximum-strength tablets. Any product containing aspirin that gives off a strong vinegar odor should be discarded immediately, as the aspirin has started to deteriorate and is no longer effective. The effects of aspirin can be decreased when combined with antacids, Phenobarbitol, Propranolol, and Rauwolfia alkaloids, while aspirin toxicity may occur when combined with Bumet-anide, Ethacrynic acid, Furosemide, Para-aminosalicylic acid, Salicylates, and large doses of vitamin C. Aspirin can decrease the effects of Acebutolol, Allop-urinol, Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, beta-blocking drugs, Carteolol, Furosemide, Minoxidil, Ox-prenelol, Probenecid, Sotalol, Spirono-lactone, Sulfinpyrazone, and Terazosin. It can increase the effects of Cortisone, Dextrothyroxine (in large, continuous doses), Methotrexate, and Valproic acid. The effects of both drugs are enhanced when aspirin is combined with other anti-coagulants, penicillin, or Ticlopi-dine. The possibility of stomach ulcers and/or bleeding increases when it is taken with adrenal corticosteroids, anticoagulants, cortisone drugs, Diclofenac, Indomethacin, Ketoprofen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), or Phenylbutazone. Aspirin can result in low blood sugar when combined with oral anti-diabetic medication, a greater susceptibility to kidney damage when combined with gold compounds, an increased risk of bleeding when combined with Levamisole, a sudden drop in blood pressure when combined with Nitroglycerin tablets, and sodium and fluid retention when combined with Terazosin. It can also interfere with the effects of some diuretics when taken by those with severe liver disease. Terfena-dine can mask some symptoms of aspirin overdose, and doses of tetracy-clines and aspirin are taken at least an hour apart to avoid any interactions. When combined with alcohol, it can aggravate any stomach irritation and bleeding caused by aspirin, and increase the risk of aspirin-related ulcers. Combined with marijuana, it may slow the body's recovery from injury or illness; experts strongly recommend that this combination be avoided. Aspirin should be taken with food, milk, or water to reduce the risk of upset stomach or bleeding.
Dosage: One tablet a day. If taken on a regular basis, caution must be exercised, as aspirin can accumulate in the body over time, making overdosage much more likely.
AKA: Alka-Seltzer with Aspirin, Arthritis Pain Formula, A.S.A., Ascriptin A/D, Ascriptin Extra Strength, Aspergum, Bayer, Bayer 8-Hour, Bufferin, Bufferin Arthritis Strength, Bufferin Extra Strength, Carna Arthritis Pain Reliever, Ecotrin, Ecotrin Maximum Strength, Empirin, Maximum Bayer, Measurin, Norwich Extra-Strength, ZORprin.
Effects: According to the authors of The Pill Book, "aspirin may be the closest thing we have to a wonder drug" and "is the standard against which all other drugs are compared for pain relief and for reduction of inflammation." It has proven effective against multi-infarct dementia (MID), a form of senility in which small blood clots form in the brain, which is believed to comprise about 20 percent of all cases of senile dementia. Some suggest that aspirin may be helpful in preventing Alzheimer's, though studies have yet to be done to confirm this. Aspirin can also help prevent migraines, heart attacks and strokes. When combined with cholesterol-lowering drugs known as statins, aspirin may lower the risk of colon cancer, though more research needs to be done.
Precautions: It should not be used by those who have liver damage, who are allergic to aspirin or tartrazine (a common food coloring), who have peptic ulcers or a bleeding disorder, or who have a history of nasal polyps, asthma, or rhinitis. Buffered effervescent tablets and sodium salicylate should not be used by those who need to restrict sodium in their diet. Those with gout should consult a physician first. Use should be discontinued if dizziness, hearing loss, or ringing or buzzing in the ears develops. Aspirin can significantly reduce blood coagulation, and so should not be taken at least a week before — and probably some time after — surgery, including dental surgery. It can also reduce the body's production of melatonin by 75 percent, and render urine tests for blood sugar inaccurate. Common side effects include nausea, upset stomach, heartburn, loss of appetite, vomiting, and bloody stools. Other possible side effects include hives, rashes, liver damage, fever, thirst, difficulty sleeping, vision difficulties, and increased formation of stomach ulcers and stomach bleeding. Rare side effects include intense headaches, convulsions, excessive drowsiness, a flushing of the skin, a ringing in the ears, loss of hearing, excessive vomiting, facial swelling, vision problems, black or bloody stools, severe stomach pains or cramps. Excessive doses of 2000 mg or more per day can lower blood sugar, which may cause problems for diabetics, and even a few aspirin can cause the body to excrete vitamin C at up to three times the normal rate. A mild overdose produces symptoms which include deep and rapid breathing, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, a ringing or buzzing in the ears, flushing, sweating, thirst, headache, drowsiness, diarrhea, and rapid heartbeat. A severe overdose produces symptoms which include fever, excitement, confusion, convulsions, hallucinations, liver or kidney failure, coma, and bleeding. The lethal dosage is 30 to 90 regular-strength tablets and 20 to 40 maximum-strength tablets. Any product containing aspirin that gives off a strong vinegar odor should be discarded immediately, as the aspirin has started to deteriorate and is no longer effective. The effects of aspirin can be decreased when combined with antacids, Phenobarbitol, Propranolol, and Rauwolfia alkaloids, while aspirin toxicity may occur when combined with Bumet-anide, Ethacrynic acid, Furosemide, Para-aminosalicylic acid, Salicylates, and large doses of vitamin C. Aspirin can decrease the effects of Acebutolol, Allop-urinol, Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, beta-blocking drugs, Carteolol, Furosemide, Minoxidil, Ox-prenelol, Probenecid, Sotalol, Spirono-lactone, Sulfinpyrazone, and Terazosin. It can increase the effects of Cortisone, Dextrothyroxine (in large, continuous doses), Methotrexate, and Valproic acid. The effects of both drugs are enhanced when aspirin is combined with other anti-coagulants, penicillin, or Ticlopi-dine. The possibility of stomach ulcers and/or bleeding increases when it is taken with adrenal corticosteroids, anticoagulants, cortisone drugs, Diclofenac, Indomethacin, Ketoprofen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), or Phenylbutazone. Aspirin can result in low blood sugar when combined with oral anti-diabetic medication, a greater susceptibility to kidney damage when combined with gold compounds, an increased risk of bleeding when combined with Levamisole, a sudden drop in blood pressure when combined with Nitroglycerin tablets, and sodium and fluid retention when combined with Terazosin. It can also interfere with the effects of some diuretics when taken by those with severe liver disease. Terfena-dine can mask some symptoms of aspirin overdose, and doses of tetracy-clines and aspirin are taken at least an hour apart to avoid any interactions. When combined with alcohol, it can aggravate any stomach irritation and bleeding caused by aspirin, and increase the risk of aspirin-related ulcers. Combined with marijuana, it may slow the body's recovery from injury or illness; experts strongly recommend that this combination be avoided. Aspirin should be taken with food, milk, or water to reduce the risk of upset stomach or bleeding.
Dosage: One tablet a day. If taken on a regular basis, caution must be exercised, as aspirin can accumulate in the body over time, making overdosage much more likely.
BENACTYZINE
An anti-cholinergic drug used in Europe.
Effects: According to Pearson and Shaw, it can block phobic memories and projections.
An anti-cholinergic drug used in Europe.
Effects: According to Pearson and Shaw, it can block phobic memories and projections.
BROMOCRIPTINE
AKA: CB-154, Parlodel, 2-bromo-alpha- ergokryptine. An ergot derivative like LSD and Hydergine, bromocriptine is prescribed for the treatment of certain symptoms of Parkinson's disease such as muscle rigidity, tremors, and problems with walking. It is also used for the treatment of infertility (both male and female), acromegaly, and some pituitary tumors.
Effects: It is an anti-oxidant and anti-depressant, and may play roles in enhancing memory, extending life span, reducing fat, and boosting immunity. It activates dopamine in the brain and, as a side effect, increases the libido.
Precautions: It should not be taken by those allergic to bromocriptine or Ergotamine, who have taken an MAO inhibitor in the previous two weeks, or who have narrow-angle type glaucoma. A physician should be consulted first if an individual has diabetes, epilepsy, high blood pressure, heart or lung disease, liver or kidney disease, a peptic ulcer, or who is going to have surgery within the next two months (including dental surgery) requiring general or spinal anesthesia. For those over 60, adverse side effects may be more frequent and severe. Common side effects include mood swings, body spasms, diarrhea, nausea, dry mouth, and body odor. Less common side effects include dizziness, fainting, headache, insomnia, nightmares, rash, itching, vomiting, irregular heartbeat, flushing of the face, blurred vision, muscle twitches, dark or discolored urine, difficulty in urinating, muscle cramps, loss of appetite, abdominal discomfort, nasal congestion, tingling and numbness of the hands and feet, constipation, and tiredness. Rare side effects include high blood pressure, hallucinations, psychosis, anemia, impotence, and hair loss. Lifethreatening or overdose symptoms include muscle twitches, spastic blinking, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, irregular and rapid pulse, weakness, fainting, confusion, agitation, hallucinations, and coma. There is evidence that bromocriptine may be addictive. The effects of bromocriptine may be diminished by oral contraceptives, estrogens, Haloperidol, Methyldopa, Papaverine, Phenothiazines, Progestins, vitamin B-6, and Rauwolfia alkaloids; they may be enhanced by other anti-Parkinson drugs. The effects of both drugs can be enhanced when combined with Guanfacine. When combined with levodopa, bromocriptine may weaken the anti- Parkinson effect. It can decrease the blood pressure when taken with anti-hypertensives, and dangerously increase blood pressure when taken with other ergot alkaloids or MAO inhibitors. It can lead to a decreased tolerance for alcohol. When taken with cocaine, the effects of bromocriptine may be decreased. Tobacco will interfere with the drug's absorption; marijuana and bromocriptine may result in fatigue, lethargy, and fainting.
AKA: CB-154, Parlodel, 2-bromo-alpha- ergokryptine. An ergot derivative like LSD and Hydergine, bromocriptine is prescribed for the treatment of certain symptoms of Parkinson's disease such as muscle rigidity, tremors, and problems with walking. It is also used for the treatment of infertility (both male and female), acromegaly, and some pituitary tumors.
Effects: It is an anti-oxidant and anti-depressant, and may play roles in enhancing memory, extending life span, reducing fat, and boosting immunity. It activates dopamine in the brain and, as a side effect, increases the libido.
Precautions: It should not be taken by those allergic to bromocriptine or Ergotamine, who have taken an MAO inhibitor in the previous two weeks, or who have narrow-angle type glaucoma. A physician should be consulted first if an individual has diabetes, epilepsy, high blood pressure, heart or lung disease, liver or kidney disease, a peptic ulcer, or who is going to have surgery within the next two months (including dental surgery) requiring general or spinal anesthesia. For those over 60, adverse side effects may be more frequent and severe. Common side effects include mood swings, body spasms, diarrhea, nausea, dry mouth, and body odor. Less common side effects include dizziness, fainting, headache, insomnia, nightmares, rash, itching, vomiting, irregular heartbeat, flushing of the face, blurred vision, muscle twitches, dark or discolored urine, difficulty in urinating, muscle cramps, loss of appetite, abdominal discomfort, nasal congestion, tingling and numbness of the hands and feet, constipation, and tiredness. Rare side effects include high blood pressure, hallucinations, psychosis, anemia, impotence, and hair loss. Lifethreatening or overdose symptoms include muscle twitches, spastic blinking, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, irregular and rapid pulse, weakness, fainting, confusion, agitation, hallucinations, and coma. There is evidence that bromocriptine may be addictive. The effects of bromocriptine may be diminished by oral contraceptives, estrogens, Haloperidol, Methyldopa, Papaverine, Phenothiazines, Progestins, vitamin B-6, and Rauwolfia alkaloids; they may be enhanced by other anti-Parkinson drugs. The effects of both drugs can be enhanced when combined with Guanfacine. When combined with levodopa, bromocriptine may weaken the anti- Parkinson effect. It can decrease the blood pressure when taken with anti-hypertensives, and dangerously increase blood pressure when taken with other ergot alkaloids or MAO inhibitors. It can lead to a decreased tolerance for alcohol. When taken with cocaine, the effects of bromocriptine may be decreased. Tobacco will interfere with the drug's absorption; marijuana and bromocriptine may result in fatigue, lethargy, and fainting.
CYCLOSPORINE
AKA: Neoral, Sandimmune. An immune-suppressing drug used to prevent transplanted organs from being rejected.
Effects: It has been found to cause neurons to grow new fibers that connect to other brain cells, which could possibly overcome brain damage caused by strokes, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease.
Precautions: Cyclosporine should be prescribed only by doctors who have had experience in immunosuppressive therapy and organ transplantation, and it should always be used in conjunction with adrenal corticosteroid drugs. It should not be taken by anyone with chicken pox or herpes zoster. Individuals who have liver problems, infections, or kidney disease may find that cyclo-sporine aggravates their conditions. Continued use may cause reduced kidney function and hypertension. Common side effects include kidney toxicity, gum inflammation and growth, bloody urine, jaundice, tremors, and increased hair growth. Less common side effects include fever, chills, sore throat, shortness of breath, frequent urination, headaches, leg cramps, brittle hair or fingernails, convulsions, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, reduction of white blood cells, sinus inflammation, male breasts that are painful or swollen, drug allergy, conjunctivitis, fluid retention, a ringing or buzzing in the ears, hearing loss, high blood sugar, and muscle pains. Rare side effects include confusion, irregular heartbeat, numbness or tingling in the hands and feet, nervousness, facial flushing, severe abdominal pain, weakness, acne, heart attack, itching, anxiety, depression, lethargy, mouth sores, swallowing difficulties, intestinal bleeding, constipation, pancreas inflammation, night sweats, chest pain, joint pains, visual disturbances, and weight loss. Use of cyclosporine becomes life-threatening if the symptoms include wheezing and shortness of breath, seizures, and convulsions. The effects of overdosing are irregular heartbeat, seizures, and coma. The oral solution is mixed in a glass (paper, plastic, and styrofoam cups should be avoided); it can be mixed with apple juice and orangejuice, but grapefruit juice can affect the breakdown of the drug, and milk may render it unpalatable. It is consumed immediately after mixing, and more juice should be poured into the glass and drunk to insure that the complete dose has been taken. Taking it with food may help prevent an upset stomach. Allopurinol, androgens, Bromocriptine, Cimetidine, Clarithromycin, Danazol, Diltiazem, potassium-sparing diuretics, Erythro-mycin, estrogens, Fluconazole, Itracona-zole, Methylprednisolone, Metoclo-pramide, Micardipine, and Verapamil enhance the effect of cyclosporine; anti-convulsants, Carbamazepine, Nafcillin, Phenobarbital, Phenytoin, Octreotide, Ticlopidine, Rifampin, and possibly Rifabutin diminish the effect. Cyclosporine can cause problems with the body's ability to remove Digoxin, Lovas-tatin, and Prednisolone, so the dosage of any of these drugs must be reduced when it is taken. Cyclosporine produces adverse effects when combined with a number of drugs: Itraconazole or Nimodipine increase its toxicity; immuno-suppressants may increase the risk of infection; Amphotericin B, Azapropazon, Cimetidine, Diclofenac, Gentamicin, Ketoconazole, Melphalan, Ranitidine, Tacrolimus, Tiopronin, Tobramycin, Trimethoprim-Sulfame-thoxazole, or medicines toxic to the kidneys (e.g., NSAIDS, sulfonamides, and those using gold, such as arthritis medications) may cause kidney damage; potassium-sparing diuretics, Enalapril, Lisinopril, potassium supplements, salt substitutes, or high potassium/low sodium foods can increase blood potassium; Lovastatin may cause heart and kidney damage; Vancomycin may cause hearing loss or kidney damage; and virus vaccines may cause adverse reactions to the vaccines. Other common substances that could cause toxic reactions include alcohol, cocaine, marijuana, and tobacco.
AKA: Neoral, Sandimmune. An immune-suppressing drug used to prevent transplanted organs from being rejected.
Effects: It has been found to cause neurons to grow new fibers that connect to other brain cells, which could possibly overcome brain damage caused by strokes, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease.
Precautions: Cyclosporine should be prescribed only by doctors who have had experience in immunosuppressive therapy and organ transplantation, and it should always be used in conjunction with adrenal corticosteroid drugs. It should not be taken by anyone with chicken pox or herpes zoster. Individuals who have liver problems, infections, or kidney disease may find that cyclo-sporine aggravates their conditions. Continued use may cause reduced kidney function and hypertension. Common side effects include kidney toxicity, gum inflammation and growth, bloody urine, jaundice, tremors, and increased hair growth. Less common side effects include fever, chills, sore throat, shortness of breath, frequent urination, headaches, leg cramps, brittle hair or fingernails, convulsions, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, reduction of white blood cells, sinus inflammation, male breasts that are painful or swollen, drug allergy, conjunctivitis, fluid retention, a ringing or buzzing in the ears, hearing loss, high blood sugar, and muscle pains. Rare side effects include confusion, irregular heartbeat, numbness or tingling in the hands and feet, nervousness, facial flushing, severe abdominal pain, weakness, acne, heart attack, itching, anxiety, depression, lethargy, mouth sores, swallowing difficulties, intestinal bleeding, constipation, pancreas inflammation, night sweats, chest pain, joint pains, visual disturbances, and weight loss. Use of cyclosporine becomes life-threatening if the symptoms include wheezing and shortness of breath, seizures, and convulsions. The effects of overdosing are irregular heartbeat, seizures, and coma. The oral solution is mixed in a glass (paper, plastic, and styrofoam cups should be avoided); it can be mixed with apple juice and orangejuice, but grapefruit juice can affect the breakdown of the drug, and milk may render it unpalatable. It is consumed immediately after mixing, and more juice should be poured into the glass and drunk to insure that the complete dose has been taken. Taking it with food may help prevent an upset stomach. Allopurinol, androgens, Bromocriptine, Cimetidine, Clarithromycin, Danazol, Diltiazem, potassium-sparing diuretics, Erythro-mycin, estrogens, Fluconazole, Itracona-zole, Methylprednisolone, Metoclo-pramide, Micardipine, and Verapamil enhance the effect of cyclosporine; anti-convulsants, Carbamazepine, Nafcillin, Phenobarbital, Phenytoin, Octreotide, Ticlopidine, Rifampin, and possibly Rifabutin diminish the effect. Cyclosporine can cause problems with the body's ability to remove Digoxin, Lovas-tatin, and Prednisolone, so the dosage of any of these drugs must be reduced when it is taken. Cyclosporine produces adverse effects when combined with a number of drugs: Itraconazole or Nimodipine increase its toxicity; immuno-suppressants may increase the risk of infection; Amphotericin B, Azapropazon, Cimetidine, Diclofenac, Gentamicin, Ketoconazole, Melphalan, Ranitidine, Tacrolimus, Tiopronin, Tobramycin, Trimethoprim-Sulfame-thoxazole, or medicines toxic to the kidneys (e.g., NSAIDS, sulfonamides, and those using gold, such as arthritis medications) may cause kidney damage; potassium-sparing diuretics, Enalapril, Lisinopril, potassium supplements, salt substitutes, or high potassium/low sodium foods can increase blood potassium; Lovastatin may cause heart and kidney damage; Vancomycin may cause hearing loss or kidney damage; and virus vaccines may cause adverse reactions to the vaccines. Other common substances that could cause toxic reactions include alcohol, cocaine, marijuana, and tobacco.
DONEPEZIL
AKA: Aricept.
Effects: Increases the availability of acetylcholine in the brain, improving memory in Alzheimer's patients for a short period of time.
AKA: Aricept.
Effects: Increases the availability of acetylcholine in the brain, improving memory in Alzheimer's patients for a short period of time.
FK506
AKA: Prograf, Tacrolimus. An immune-suppressing drug used to prevent transplanted organs from being rejected.
Effects: It has been found to cause neurons to grow new fibers that connect to other brain cells, which could possibly overcome brain damage caused by strokes, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease.
Precautions: It should not be taken by transplant patients who are sensitive or allergic to FK506. The elderly may be given a lower dosage to compensate for loss of kidney function. It may cause kidney damage in liver patients, especially in high doses, and mildly elevate blood potassium. It may also cause tremors, headaches, changes in muscle function, seizures, changes in mental state and sense perception, or other nervous-system problems. It may increase the chance of developing a lym-phoma or other malignancy; a viral infection related to Epstein-Barr may also occur. A mild to moderate elevation in blood pressure may indicate kidney damage. Common side effects include headaches, tremors, sleeplessness, tingling in the hands and feet, diarrhea, nausea, constipation, loss of appetite, vomiting, dental infections (in the absence of good oral hygiene, or where careless or excessive brushing and flossing causes bleeding), liver or kidney abnormalities, high blood pressure, urinary infection, decreased frequency of urination, anemia, increased white blood cells count, reduced blood-platelet count, changes in blood potassium level, reduced blood magnesium, high blood sugar, lung problems (including fluid in the lungs), breathing difficulties, itching, rash, abdominal pains, pain, fever, weakness, back pains, buildup of abdominal fluid, and fluid retention. Less common side effects include dream abnormalities, anxiety, confusion, depression, dizziness, instability, hallucinations, poor coordination, muscle spasms, psychosis, tiredness, strange thoughts, visual disturbances (including double vision), a ringing or buzzing in the ears, upset stomach, a yellow discoloration in the skin or whites of the eyes, swallowing troubles, stomach gas, stomach bleeding, fungus infection of the mouth, bloody urine, chest pain, rapid heartbeat, low blood pressure, diabetes, black-and-blue marks on the skin, aching in the muscles and joints, leg cramps, muscle weakness, asthma, bronchitis, coughing, sore throat, pneumonia, a stuffy and runny nose, sinus irritation, voice changes, sweating, skin rashes, and herpes infections. An overdose will result in increased side effects. Excessive suppression of the immune system can occur when it is taken with other immunosuppressants. Additional kidney damage may occur when taken with other drugs that cause kidney problems, such as aminoglyco-side antibiotics, Amphotericin B, Cis-platin, and —when taken within 24 hours of each other — Cyclosporine. Blood levels of FK506 (and attendant side effects) can increase when taken with antifungal drugs, Bromocriptine, calcium channel blockers, Cimetidine, Clarithromycin, Danazol, Diltiazem, Erythromycin, Methylprednisolone, and Metoclopramine; blood levels of FK506 can be decreased by Carbamazepine, Phenobarbitol, Phenytoin, Rifampin, Rifampicin. Vaccination efficacy may be reduced by FK506, and live vaccines such as BCG, measles, mumps, oral polio, rubella, TY 21 typhoid, and yellow fever should be avoided. The drug should be taken one hour before or two hours after meals to avoid absorption be food.
Dosage: For its use in transplant surgery, the usual dose is 0.075 to 0.15mg per pound of body weight a day in 2 divided doses, often adjusted to the lowest effective level to reduce side effects.
AKA: Prograf, Tacrolimus. An immune-suppressing drug used to prevent transplanted organs from being rejected.
Effects: It has been found to cause neurons to grow new fibers that connect to other brain cells, which could possibly overcome brain damage caused by strokes, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease.
Precautions: It should not be taken by transplant patients who are sensitive or allergic to FK506. The elderly may be given a lower dosage to compensate for loss of kidney function. It may cause kidney damage in liver patients, especially in high doses, and mildly elevate blood potassium. It may also cause tremors, headaches, changes in muscle function, seizures, changes in mental state and sense perception, or other nervous-system problems. It may increase the chance of developing a lym-phoma or other malignancy; a viral infection related to Epstein-Barr may also occur. A mild to moderate elevation in blood pressure may indicate kidney damage. Common side effects include headaches, tremors, sleeplessness, tingling in the hands and feet, diarrhea, nausea, constipation, loss of appetite, vomiting, dental infections (in the absence of good oral hygiene, or where careless or excessive brushing and flossing causes bleeding), liver or kidney abnormalities, high blood pressure, urinary infection, decreased frequency of urination, anemia, increased white blood cells count, reduced blood-platelet count, changes in blood potassium level, reduced blood magnesium, high blood sugar, lung problems (including fluid in the lungs), breathing difficulties, itching, rash, abdominal pains, pain, fever, weakness, back pains, buildup of abdominal fluid, and fluid retention. Less common side effects include dream abnormalities, anxiety, confusion, depression, dizziness, instability, hallucinations, poor coordination, muscle spasms, psychosis, tiredness, strange thoughts, visual disturbances (including double vision), a ringing or buzzing in the ears, upset stomach, a yellow discoloration in the skin or whites of the eyes, swallowing troubles, stomach gas, stomach bleeding, fungus infection of the mouth, bloody urine, chest pain, rapid heartbeat, low blood pressure, diabetes, black-and-blue marks on the skin, aching in the muscles and joints, leg cramps, muscle weakness, asthma, bronchitis, coughing, sore throat, pneumonia, a stuffy and runny nose, sinus irritation, voice changes, sweating, skin rashes, and herpes infections. An overdose will result in increased side effects. Excessive suppression of the immune system can occur when it is taken with other immunosuppressants. Additional kidney damage may occur when taken with other drugs that cause kidney problems, such as aminoglyco-side antibiotics, Amphotericin B, Cis-platin, and —when taken within 24 hours of each other — Cyclosporine. Blood levels of FK506 (and attendant side effects) can increase when taken with antifungal drugs, Bromocriptine, calcium channel blockers, Cimetidine, Clarithromycin, Danazol, Diltiazem, Erythromycin, Methylprednisolone, and Metoclopramine; blood levels of FK506 can be decreased by Carbamazepine, Phenobarbitol, Phenytoin, Rifampin, Rifampicin. Vaccination efficacy may be reduced by FK506, and live vaccines such as BCG, measles, mumps, oral polio, rubella, TY 21 typhoid, and yellow fever should be avoided. The drug should be taken one hour before or two hours after meals to avoid absorption be food.
Dosage: For its use in transplant surgery, the usual dose is 0.075 to 0.15mg per pound of body weight a day in 2 divided doses, often adjusted to the lowest effective level to reduce side effects.
INTERFERON BETA
AKA: Betaseron, Interferon beta-Ib. A preliminary study has shown that interferon beta can counteract the memory loss that often occurs with multiple sclerosis.
Precautions: Nothing is known about the effects it might have on those without MS. Those taking Interferon beta may experience flu-like symptoms (fever, chills, muscle aches, sweating), mood swings, excessive sleep, severe depression, and suicidal tendencies. Common side effects include some form of pain at the site of injection, sinusitis, migraine headaches, fever, weakness, chills, muscle aches, abdominal pain, flu-like symptoms, menstruation that is painful or irregular, constipation, vomiting, liver inflammation, sweating, and a reduction in white blood cells. Less common side effects include swelling, pelvic pain, cysts, suicidal tendencies, thyroid goiter, heart palpitations, high blood pressure, rapid heartbeat, bleeding, laryngitis, breathing difficulties, stiffness, tiredness, speech problems, convulsions, uncontrolled movements, hair loss, visual disturbances, pink eye, feelings of a need to urinate, cystitis, breast pain, and cystic breast disease. Rare side effects encompass symptoms occurring almost everywhere on the body. Overdose symptoms are not known, but may be more severe manifestations of the above side effects. There are no known food or drug interactions.
Dosage: A subcutaneous injection of 8 million units every other day.
AKA: Betaseron, Interferon beta-Ib. A preliminary study has shown that interferon beta can counteract the memory loss that often occurs with multiple sclerosis.
Precautions: Nothing is known about the effects it might have on those without MS. Those taking Interferon beta may experience flu-like symptoms (fever, chills, muscle aches, sweating), mood swings, excessive sleep, severe depression, and suicidal tendencies. Common side effects include some form of pain at the site of injection, sinusitis, migraine headaches, fever, weakness, chills, muscle aches, abdominal pain, flu-like symptoms, menstruation that is painful or irregular, constipation, vomiting, liver inflammation, sweating, and a reduction in white blood cells. Less common side effects include swelling, pelvic pain, cysts, suicidal tendencies, thyroid goiter, heart palpitations, high blood pressure, rapid heartbeat, bleeding, laryngitis, breathing difficulties, stiffness, tiredness, speech problems, convulsions, uncontrolled movements, hair loss, visual disturbances, pink eye, feelings of a need to urinate, cystitis, breast pain, and cystic breast disease. Rare side effects encompass symptoms occurring almost everywhere on the body. Overdose symptoms are not known, but may be more severe manifestations of the above side effects. There are no known food or drug interactions.
Dosage: A subcutaneous injection of 8 million units every other day.
L-DOPA
AKA: Larodopa, levodopa, Lopar, L-3,4 dihydroxyphenylalanine. A precursor of the neurotransmit-ter dopamine, L-dopa is an amino acid found naturally in the body, even though it is classified as a prescription drug. It is metabolized from tyrosine, which in turn is converted from phenylalanine. It is used to treat Parkinson's disease, restless leg syndrome, and the pain resulting from herpes zoster (shingles).
Food Sources: Velvet beans.
Effects: It may reverse or even prevent the deterioration of the body generally associated with aging by fully restoring the hypothalamus' ability to maintain the body's biochemical home-ostasis; it may increase energy without the addiction and depressive aftermath associated with amphetamines; it can aid in weight loss by suppressing the appetite and stimulating the release of growth hormone; it is a powerful anti-oxidant; and it may act as a sexual aid by increasing the levels of the neurotrans-mitters norepinephrine and dopamine in the brain, stimulating the release of growth hormone, decreasing the levels of prolactin, and reducing the levels of serotonin. Taking vitamin C may maintain the levels of norepinephrine and dopamine in the body, while taking one or more of such anti-oxidants as vitamins B-l, B-5, B-6, and E, the minerals selenium and zinc, and the drug Hydergine may prevent free-radical damage caused by dopamine byproducts. It is sometimes administered with Carbidopa, which allows it to cross the blood/brain barrier much more easily and allows the dosage to be reduced by as much as 75 percent, reducing side effects considerably.
Precautions: It should not be taken by those who are allergic to L-dopa or Carbidopa, have taken an MAO inhibitor in the previous two weeks, have narrow-angle type glaucoma, have a history of stomach ulcers, or who have malignant melanoma or suspicious skin lesions. The hazards of L-dopa may be increased for those with diabetes, epilepsy, high blood pressure, heart or lung disease, a history of heart attacks, glaucoma, asthma, kidney disease, liver disease, hormone disease, peptic ulcer, or who have had surgery within the last two months (including dental surgery) that required general or spinal anesthesia. It should be used with extreme caution by those with a history of psychosis, and adverse reactions may be more frequent and severe in those over age 60. Common side effects include muscle spasms, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, dry mouth, drooling, eating problems arising from a loss of muscle control, tiredness, hand tremors, headache, dizziness, numbness, weakness or feelings of faintness, confusion, insomnia, teeth grinding, nightmares, euphoria, hallucinations, delusions, agitation, anxiety, an overall feeling of illness, mood changes, diarrhea, depression and suicidal feelings, and body odor. Less common side effects include heart palpitations or irregularities, dizziness when standing up, paranoia, some loss of mental abilities, difficulty in urinating, muscle twitches, a burning feeling on the tongue, bitter taste, constipation, unusual breathing patterns, blurred or double vision, hot flashes, changes in weight, dark urine, heavy perspiration, itchy skin, eyelid spasms, a flushing in the face, and tiredness. Rare side effects include stomach bleeding, ulcer, high blood pressure, convulsions, blood changes (including anemia), feelings of stimulation, hiccups, hair loss, hoarseness, the shrinking of male genitals, fluid retention, increased libido, and pain in the upper abdomen. Overdose symptoms include muscle twitches, eyelid spasms, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, rapid or irregular pulse, weakness, fainting, confusion, agitation, hallucinations, and coma. It could cause a condition called the serotonin syndrome, in which serotonin levels in the body are too high, and which is characterized by restlessness, confusion, sweating, diarrhea, excessive salivation, high blood pressure, increased body temperature, rapid heart rate, tremors, and seizures. The effects of L-dopa can be increased by antacids, Selegiline, or other anti-Parkinsonian drugs, and decreased by anticholinergic drugs, tricyclic anti-depressants, anti-convulsants, anti-hypertensives, benzodiazepine-type tranquilizers and sedatives, Haloperidol, Methionine, Methyldopa, Molindone, Papaverine, phenothiazine antipsychotic medications, Phenytoin, Pyridoxine (vitamin B-6), or Rauwolfia alkaloids. When combined with Albuterol, it can increase the risk of heartbeat irregularities; with tricyclic antidepressants or anti-hypertensives, it can lead to lowered blood pressure and weakness or faintness when standing up; with Guan-facine, it can lead to increased effects of both drugs; with MAO inhibitors, it can lead to dangerously high blood pressure (individuals should cease taking MAO inhibitors two weeks before starting L-Dopa); with Metoclopramide, it can lead to a higher absorption of L-dopa in the blood and a diminishing in the latter drug's effects on the stomach. Pyridoxine (vitamin B-6) or a high protein diet can decrease the effects of L-dopa; B-6 and L-dopa may have to be taken one-half to four hours apart to prevent this. While B-6 can increase dopamine levels in the blood, it can decrease dopamine levels in the brain, and some take Sinemet (a combination of L-dopa and Carbidopa) to keep brain dopamine levels high. When combined with cocaine, it can lead to a greater risk of heartbeat irregularity, and when combined with marijuana, it can lead to fatigue, lethargy, and fainting. It should be taken with food to avoid upset stomach.
Dosage: For Parkinson's patients, 0.5 to 8 grams/day according to a person's individual needs. For life-extension and cognitive enhancement purposes, it is generally suggested that 125 to 500 mg/day be taken, or 35 to 125 mg/day in combination with Carbidopa. Taking it just before sleep is probably the best strategy for stimulating the release of growth hormone.
AKA: Larodopa, levodopa, Lopar, L-3,4 dihydroxyphenylalanine. A precursor of the neurotransmit-ter dopamine, L-dopa is an amino acid found naturally in the body, even though it is classified as a prescription drug. It is metabolized from tyrosine, which in turn is converted from phenylalanine. It is used to treat Parkinson's disease, restless leg syndrome, and the pain resulting from herpes zoster (shingles).
Food Sources: Velvet beans.
Effects: It may reverse or even prevent the deterioration of the body generally associated with aging by fully restoring the hypothalamus' ability to maintain the body's biochemical home-ostasis; it may increase energy without the addiction and depressive aftermath associated with amphetamines; it can aid in weight loss by suppressing the appetite and stimulating the release of growth hormone; it is a powerful anti-oxidant; and it may act as a sexual aid by increasing the levels of the neurotrans-mitters norepinephrine and dopamine in the brain, stimulating the release of growth hormone, decreasing the levels of prolactin, and reducing the levels of serotonin. Taking vitamin C may maintain the levels of norepinephrine and dopamine in the body, while taking one or more of such anti-oxidants as vitamins B-l, B-5, B-6, and E, the minerals selenium and zinc, and the drug Hydergine may prevent free-radical damage caused by dopamine byproducts. It is sometimes administered with Carbidopa, which allows it to cross the blood/brain barrier much more easily and allows the dosage to be reduced by as much as 75 percent, reducing side effects considerably.
Precautions: It should not be taken by those who are allergic to L-dopa or Carbidopa, have taken an MAO inhibitor in the previous two weeks, have narrow-angle type glaucoma, have a history of stomach ulcers, or who have malignant melanoma or suspicious skin lesions. The hazards of L-dopa may be increased for those with diabetes, epilepsy, high blood pressure, heart or lung disease, a history of heart attacks, glaucoma, asthma, kidney disease, liver disease, hormone disease, peptic ulcer, or who have had surgery within the last two months (including dental surgery) that required general or spinal anesthesia. It should be used with extreme caution by those with a history of psychosis, and adverse reactions may be more frequent and severe in those over age 60. Common side effects include muscle spasms, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, dry mouth, drooling, eating problems arising from a loss of muscle control, tiredness, hand tremors, headache, dizziness, numbness, weakness or feelings of faintness, confusion, insomnia, teeth grinding, nightmares, euphoria, hallucinations, delusions, agitation, anxiety, an overall feeling of illness, mood changes, diarrhea, depression and suicidal feelings, and body odor. Less common side effects include heart palpitations or irregularities, dizziness when standing up, paranoia, some loss of mental abilities, difficulty in urinating, muscle twitches, a burning feeling on the tongue, bitter taste, constipation, unusual breathing patterns, blurred or double vision, hot flashes, changes in weight, dark urine, heavy perspiration, itchy skin, eyelid spasms, a flushing in the face, and tiredness. Rare side effects include stomach bleeding, ulcer, high blood pressure, convulsions, blood changes (including anemia), feelings of stimulation, hiccups, hair loss, hoarseness, the shrinking of male genitals, fluid retention, increased libido, and pain in the upper abdomen. Overdose symptoms include muscle twitches, eyelid spasms, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, rapid or irregular pulse, weakness, fainting, confusion, agitation, hallucinations, and coma. It could cause a condition called the serotonin syndrome, in which serotonin levels in the body are too high, and which is characterized by restlessness, confusion, sweating, diarrhea, excessive salivation, high blood pressure, increased body temperature, rapid heart rate, tremors, and seizures. The effects of L-dopa can be increased by antacids, Selegiline, or other anti-Parkinsonian drugs, and decreased by anticholinergic drugs, tricyclic anti-depressants, anti-convulsants, anti-hypertensives, benzodiazepine-type tranquilizers and sedatives, Haloperidol, Methionine, Methyldopa, Molindone, Papaverine, phenothiazine antipsychotic medications, Phenytoin, Pyridoxine (vitamin B-6), or Rauwolfia alkaloids. When combined with Albuterol, it can increase the risk of heartbeat irregularities; with tricyclic antidepressants or anti-hypertensives, it can lead to lowered blood pressure and weakness or faintness when standing up; with Guan-facine, it can lead to increased effects of both drugs; with MAO inhibitors, it can lead to dangerously high blood pressure (individuals should cease taking MAO inhibitors two weeks before starting L-Dopa); with Metoclopramide, it can lead to a higher absorption of L-dopa in the blood and a diminishing in the latter drug's effects on the stomach. Pyridoxine (vitamin B-6) or a high protein diet can decrease the effects of L-dopa; B-6 and L-dopa may have to be taken one-half to four hours apart to prevent this. While B-6 can increase dopamine levels in the blood, it can decrease dopamine levels in the brain, and some take Sinemet (a combination of L-dopa and Carbidopa) to keep brain dopamine levels high. When combined with cocaine, it can lead to a greater risk of heartbeat irregularity, and when combined with marijuana, it can lead to fatigue, lethargy, and fainting. It should be taken with food to avoid upset stomach.
Dosage: For Parkinson's patients, 0.5 to 8 grams/day according to a person's individual needs. For life-extension and cognitive enhancement purposes, it is generally suggested that 125 to 500 mg/day be taken, or 35 to 125 mg/day in combination with Carbidopa. Taking it just before sleep is probably the best strategy for stimulating the release of growth hormone.
METHYLPHENIDATE
AKA: PMS-Methylphenidate, Ritalin. A central nervous system stimulant used to treat attention deficit disorder in children, narcolepsy and mild depression in the elderly, plus other psychological, educational, and social disorders.
Effects: According to Durk Pearson and Sandy Shaw, it has been shown to improve learning, memory, and information processing by releasing norepi-nephrine in the brain.
Precautions: Continued or excessive use can lead to dependence or addiction, and possibly severe psychotic episodes. It should be used with caution by those with glaucoma or other visual problems, high blood pressure, epilepsy or seizures, or those who are generally tense, agitated, or allergic to the drug. It is a stimulant that can mask symptoms of fatigue, and so should be used with caution by those driving or using hazardous equipment. Since it is a stimulant that causes the release of norepinephrine, feelings of depression and a severely compromised immune system could occur between the time the neu-rotransmitter is metabolized and the body is able to make more. Common side effects in adults include nervousness and insomnia (which are usually controlled by reducing or eliminating the afternoon or evening dose), dizziness, headache, appetite loss, skin rash, itching, fever, joint pains, nausea, abnormal heart rhythms, drowsiness, changes in blood pressure or pulse, chest and stomach pains, psychotic episodes, some hair loss, and uncontrolled body movements. Rare side effects include blurred vision, sore throat, convulsions, and extreme tiredness. Overdose symptoms include vomiting, agitation, tremors, convulsions, coma, euphoria, confusion, hallucinations, delirium, sweating, flushing, headache, high fever, abnormal heart rate, high blood pressure, and dryness in the nose and mouth. Methylphenidate can reduce the effectiveness of antihypertensives, Gua-nadrel, Guanethidine, Minoxidil, and Terazosin, whereas its effectiveness can be reduced by anti-depressants and Cisapride. The effects of both drugs can be diminished if combined with Acebutolol, Nitrates, or Oxprenolol. Dextrothyroxine can greatly enhance the effects of Methylphenidate, as will MAO inhibitors, the latter also elevating blood pressure to dangerous levels. Methylphenidate can reduce the rate at which the following drugs are broken down in the body, resulting in higher levels in the bloodstream: anticholinergics, anticon-vulsants, central nervous system stimulants, anticoagulants, antidepressants, Phenylbutazone, and Oxyphenbuta-zone. When combined with Pimozide, it can hide the cause of tics. Combining with caffeine drinks and foods containing tyramine can raise blood pressure; with alcohol can result in drowsiness; and with cocaine, can raise blood pressure and increase the risk of heartbeat irregularities. It is best taken 30 to 45 minutes before meals.
Dosage: For the treatment of various disorders in adults, 20 to 30 mg/day in two to three divided doses, though dosage is always adjusted according to the individual. NlMODIPINE AKA: Nimotop, Periplum.
Effects: Prevents the constriction of blood vessels, which increases the flow of blood in the brain and decreases the chance of oxygen deprivation to the brain cells. It accumulates in the highest concentrations in the brain and spinal fluid, and is usually prescribed for strokes and migraine headaches. In fact, it is the only calcium-channel blocker known to improve neurological function after a stroke; however, it is probably the only calcium-channel blocker not used for angina or high blood pressure. It may also increase acetylcholine levels. One study has found that 90 mg in three divided doses over a 12-week period had a significantly positive effect on memory, depression, and general mood, though further research has been unable to replicate these results (it is still not fully known how the drug works). It is considered a possible treatment for Alzheimer's, dementia, age-related degenerative diseases, epilepsy, and ethanol intoxication, and may have some anti-stress and anti-aging properties.
Precautions: It should not be taken by those who are sensitive or allergic to it, or who have very low blood pressure. Nimodipine may pose risks to those who have kidney or liver disease, high blood pressure, and heart disease (excluding coronary artery disease). Those over 60 may find that side effects may be more frequent or severe. Side effects are generally mild. Common side effects include tiredness, flushing of the skin, diarrhea, low blood pressure, headache, and swelling of the feet, ankles, and abdomen. Less common side effects include itching, acne, rash, anemia, bleeding or bruising, unusual blood clotting, stomach bleeding, a heartbeat that is abnormally slow or fast, high blood pressure, heart failure, wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, dizziness, a numbness or tingling in the hands or feet, a swelling of the arms and legs, muscle cramps, difficulty urinating, nausea, constipation, depression, memory loss, psychosis, paranoia, hallucinations. Rare side effects include temporary blindness, increased angina, fainting, chest pain, fever, liver inflammation or jaundice, joint pain and swelling, hair loss, vivid dreams, headaches, vomiting, and sexual difficulties. Overdose symptoms include nausea, weakness, dizziness, drowsiness, confusion, slurred speech, a heartbeat that is abnormally fast or slow, changes in blood pressure, loss of consciousness, and cardiac arrest. The effects (and possible toxicity) of Nimodipine can be enhanced by antiarrhythmics, Betaxolol eye drops, Cimetidine, Levobutanol eye drops, Timolol eye drops, and decreased by calcium (large doses), Phenytoin, Rifampin, and vitamin D (large doses). Nimodipine can increase the effects (and possible toxicity) of oral anti-coagulants, hydantoin anticonvulsants, Car-bamazepine, Cyclosporine, Digoxin (large doses), Quinidine, and Theo-phylline, and weaken the effects of Lithium. The effects and possible toxicity of both drugs can be increased when combined with antiarrhythmics and Nicardipine. When combined with Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, it can lead to high levels of potassium in the blood; with anti-hypertensives, it can lead to changes in blood pressure; aspirin, can cause bleeding; with beta-adrenergic blocking agents, it may result in an irregular heartbeat and a worsening of congestive heart failure; with Disopyramide, it may cause the heartbeat to be dangerously fast, slow, or irregular; with diuretics, it may cause a dangerous drop in blood pressure; and with Tocainide, it may increase the risk of adverse reactions from either drug. Nimodipine can lead to dangerously low blood pressure when combined with alcohol, a possible irregular heartbeat when combined with cocaine and marijuana, and a possible rapid heartbeat when combined with tobacco. Experts advise that all such interactions be avoided. Nimodipine is taken at least one hour before or two hours after meals. It can be taken with food or drink if stomach upset occurs, though grapefruit juice should be avoided.
Dosage: For migraine headaches, the usual dosage is 120 mg/day in three divided doses; for cognitive enhancement, the recommended dosage is 60 mg in two divided doses.
AKA: PMS-Methylphenidate, Ritalin. A central nervous system stimulant used to treat attention deficit disorder in children, narcolepsy and mild depression in the elderly, plus other psychological, educational, and social disorders.
Effects: According to Durk Pearson and Sandy Shaw, it has been shown to improve learning, memory, and information processing by releasing norepi-nephrine in the brain.
Precautions: Continued or excessive use can lead to dependence or addiction, and possibly severe psychotic episodes. It should be used with caution by those with glaucoma or other visual problems, high blood pressure, epilepsy or seizures, or those who are generally tense, agitated, or allergic to the drug. It is a stimulant that can mask symptoms of fatigue, and so should be used with caution by those driving or using hazardous equipment. Since it is a stimulant that causes the release of norepinephrine, feelings of depression and a severely compromised immune system could occur between the time the neu-rotransmitter is metabolized and the body is able to make more. Common side effects in adults include nervousness and insomnia (which are usually controlled by reducing or eliminating the afternoon or evening dose), dizziness, headache, appetite loss, skin rash, itching, fever, joint pains, nausea, abnormal heart rhythms, drowsiness, changes in blood pressure or pulse, chest and stomach pains, psychotic episodes, some hair loss, and uncontrolled body movements. Rare side effects include blurred vision, sore throat, convulsions, and extreme tiredness. Overdose symptoms include vomiting, agitation, tremors, convulsions, coma, euphoria, confusion, hallucinations, delirium, sweating, flushing, headache, high fever, abnormal heart rate, high blood pressure, and dryness in the nose and mouth. Methylphenidate can reduce the effectiveness of antihypertensives, Gua-nadrel, Guanethidine, Minoxidil, and Terazosin, whereas its effectiveness can be reduced by anti-depressants and Cisapride. The effects of both drugs can be diminished if combined with Acebutolol, Nitrates, or Oxprenolol. Dextrothyroxine can greatly enhance the effects of Methylphenidate, as will MAO inhibitors, the latter also elevating blood pressure to dangerous levels. Methylphenidate can reduce the rate at which the following drugs are broken down in the body, resulting in higher levels in the bloodstream: anticholinergics, anticon-vulsants, central nervous system stimulants, anticoagulants, antidepressants, Phenylbutazone, and Oxyphenbuta-zone. When combined with Pimozide, it can hide the cause of tics. Combining with caffeine drinks and foods containing tyramine can raise blood pressure; with alcohol can result in drowsiness; and with cocaine, can raise blood pressure and increase the risk of heartbeat irregularities. It is best taken 30 to 45 minutes before meals.
Dosage: For the treatment of various disorders in adults, 20 to 30 mg/day in two to three divided doses, though dosage is always adjusted according to the individual. NlMODIPINE AKA: Nimotop, Periplum.
Effects: Prevents the constriction of blood vessels, which increases the flow of blood in the brain and decreases the chance of oxygen deprivation to the brain cells. It accumulates in the highest concentrations in the brain and spinal fluid, and is usually prescribed for strokes and migraine headaches. In fact, it is the only calcium-channel blocker known to improve neurological function after a stroke; however, it is probably the only calcium-channel blocker not used for angina or high blood pressure. It may also increase acetylcholine levels. One study has found that 90 mg in three divided doses over a 12-week period had a significantly positive effect on memory, depression, and general mood, though further research has been unable to replicate these results (it is still not fully known how the drug works). It is considered a possible treatment for Alzheimer's, dementia, age-related degenerative diseases, epilepsy, and ethanol intoxication, and may have some anti-stress and anti-aging properties.
Precautions: It should not be taken by those who are sensitive or allergic to it, or who have very low blood pressure. Nimodipine may pose risks to those who have kidney or liver disease, high blood pressure, and heart disease (excluding coronary artery disease). Those over 60 may find that side effects may be more frequent or severe. Side effects are generally mild. Common side effects include tiredness, flushing of the skin, diarrhea, low blood pressure, headache, and swelling of the feet, ankles, and abdomen. Less common side effects include itching, acne, rash, anemia, bleeding or bruising, unusual blood clotting, stomach bleeding, a heartbeat that is abnormally slow or fast, high blood pressure, heart failure, wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, dizziness, a numbness or tingling in the hands or feet, a swelling of the arms and legs, muscle cramps, difficulty urinating, nausea, constipation, depression, memory loss, psychosis, paranoia, hallucinations. Rare side effects include temporary blindness, increased angina, fainting, chest pain, fever, liver inflammation or jaundice, joint pain and swelling, hair loss, vivid dreams, headaches, vomiting, and sexual difficulties. Overdose symptoms include nausea, weakness, dizziness, drowsiness, confusion, slurred speech, a heartbeat that is abnormally fast or slow, changes in blood pressure, loss of consciousness, and cardiac arrest. The effects (and possible toxicity) of Nimodipine can be enhanced by antiarrhythmics, Betaxolol eye drops, Cimetidine, Levobutanol eye drops, Timolol eye drops, and decreased by calcium (large doses), Phenytoin, Rifampin, and vitamin D (large doses). Nimodipine can increase the effects (and possible toxicity) of oral anti-coagulants, hydantoin anticonvulsants, Car-bamazepine, Cyclosporine, Digoxin (large doses), Quinidine, and Theo-phylline, and weaken the effects of Lithium. The effects and possible toxicity of both drugs can be increased when combined with antiarrhythmics and Nicardipine. When combined with Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, it can lead to high levels of potassium in the blood; with anti-hypertensives, it can lead to changes in blood pressure; aspirin, can cause bleeding; with beta-adrenergic blocking agents, it may result in an irregular heartbeat and a worsening of congestive heart failure; with Disopyramide, it may cause the heartbeat to be dangerously fast, slow, or irregular; with diuretics, it may cause a dangerous drop in blood pressure; and with Tocainide, it may increase the risk of adverse reactions from either drug. Nimodipine can lead to dangerously low blood pressure when combined with alcohol, a possible irregular heartbeat when combined with cocaine and marijuana, and a possible rapid heartbeat when combined with tobacco. Experts advise that all such interactions be avoided. Nimodipine is taken at least one hour before or two hours after meals. It can be taken with food or drink if stomach upset occurs, though grapefruit juice should be avoided.
Dosage: For migraine headaches, the usual dosage is 120 mg/day in three divided doses; for cognitive enhancement, the recommended dosage is 60 mg in two divided doses.
PEMOLINE
AKA: Cylert, magnesium pemo-line. An amphetamine derivative and central nervous system stimulant prescribed for attention deficit disorders in children and daytime sleepiness.
Effects: Increases the level of nor-epinephrine in the synapses of the brain, creating greater nerve stimulation and possible improvements in learning, memory, and concentration.
Precautions: Releases vasopressin in the body, which could result in a depletion and feelings of depression. It should not be taken by those allergic or sensitive to it, and for those who do take it, regular liver function tests are recommended. Common side effects include loss of appetite, depression, drowsiness, dizziness, hallucinations, headache, irritability, nausea, rash, insomnia, and stomachache. Rare symptoms include hypersensitivity to the drug, wandering eye, weight loss, seizures, jaundice, and involuntary movements of the lips, face, tongue, and limbs. Overdose symptoms include agitation, hallucinations, rapid heartbeat, restlessness, involuntary muscle movements, fever, confusion, convulsions, and coma. Taking it on an empty stomach may cause stomach upset, and taking it too late in the day may result in troubled sleep.
Dosage: For therapeutic uses, 37.5 to 75 mg/day, not to exceed 112.5 mg/day; for brain-boosting effects, 18.75 to 75 mg/day is said to provide 6 to 12 hours of mental stimulation accompanied by physical relaxation.
AKA: Cylert, magnesium pemo-line. An amphetamine derivative and central nervous system stimulant prescribed for attention deficit disorders in children and daytime sleepiness.
Effects: Increases the level of nor-epinephrine in the synapses of the brain, creating greater nerve stimulation and possible improvements in learning, memory, and concentration.
Precautions: Releases vasopressin in the body, which could result in a depletion and feelings of depression. It should not be taken by those allergic or sensitive to it, and for those who do take it, regular liver function tests are recommended. Common side effects include loss of appetite, depression, drowsiness, dizziness, hallucinations, headache, irritability, nausea, rash, insomnia, and stomachache. Rare symptoms include hypersensitivity to the drug, wandering eye, weight loss, seizures, jaundice, and involuntary movements of the lips, face, tongue, and limbs. Overdose symptoms include agitation, hallucinations, rapid heartbeat, restlessness, involuntary muscle movements, fever, confusion, convulsions, and coma. Taking it on an empty stomach may cause stomach upset, and taking it too late in the day may result in troubled sleep.
Dosage: For therapeutic uses, 37.5 to 75 mg/day, not to exceed 112.5 mg/day; for brain-boosting effects, 18.75 to 75 mg/day is said to provide 6 to 12 hours of mental stimulation accompanied by physical relaxation.
PENICILLAMINE
AKA: Cuprimine, Depen. A drug modified from an amino acid in penicillin; it is prescribed to treat rheumatoid arthritis, prevent kidney stones, and treat heavy metal poisoning.
Effects: Removes heavy metals from the body.
Precautions: It should not be taken by those who are allergic or who have severe anemia. Penicillamine may be dangerous for those who suffer from kidney disease or who are allergic to any penicillin antibiotics. Those over 60 should exercise caution, as it could damage blood cells and kidneys. Common side effects include rash, itchy skin, swollen lymph glands, loss of appetite, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, and loss of taste. Less common side effects include sore throat, fever, increased incidence of bruising, swollen legs or feet, urine that is bloody or cloudy, an increase in weight, fatigue, weakness, and joint pain. Rare side effects include general pain, vision problems, tinnitus, mouth sores (including ulcers and white spots), breathing difficulties, coughing up blood, jaundice, abdominal pains, blisters, and peeling skin. Life-threatening and overdose symptoms include ulcers, sores, convulsions, coughing up blood, and coma. Prolonged use can damage the liver, kidneys, and blood cells. According to John Mann, additional side effects include loss of the skin's tensile strength (an effect that may be prevented by adequate nutrition) and a loss of zinc and vitamin B-6 (possibly prevented by supplementation of 100 mg/day of each). Combining Penacillamine with gold compounds or immunosuppres-sants can damage the kidneys and blood cells; with iron supplements, it can lessen the effect of penicillamine (they should be taken at least two hours apart); and with vitamin B-6, it can increase the need for this vitamin. The effects of penicillamine can be enhanced when combined with alcohol, cocaine, or marijuana, and diminished when combined with food.
Dosage: John Mann recommends 250 mg/day to start, increasing to 1000 to 2000 mg/day in four divided doses.
AKA: Cuprimine, Depen. A drug modified from an amino acid in penicillin; it is prescribed to treat rheumatoid arthritis, prevent kidney stones, and treat heavy metal poisoning.
Effects: Removes heavy metals from the body.
Precautions: It should not be taken by those who are allergic or who have severe anemia. Penicillamine may be dangerous for those who suffer from kidney disease or who are allergic to any penicillin antibiotics. Those over 60 should exercise caution, as it could damage blood cells and kidneys. Common side effects include rash, itchy skin, swollen lymph glands, loss of appetite, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, and loss of taste. Less common side effects include sore throat, fever, increased incidence of bruising, swollen legs or feet, urine that is bloody or cloudy, an increase in weight, fatigue, weakness, and joint pain. Rare side effects include general pain, vision problems, tinnitus, mouth sores (including ulcers and white spots), breathing difficulties, coughing up blood, jaundice, abdominal pains, blisters, and peeling skin. Life-threatening and overdose symptoms include ulcers, sores, convulsions, coughing up blood, and coma. Prolonged use can damage the liver, kidneys, and blood cells. According to John Mann, additional side effects include loss of the skin's tensile strength (an effect that may be prevented by adequate nutrition) and a loss of zinc and vitamin B-6 (possibly prevented by supplementation of 100 mg/day of each). Combining Penacillamine with gold compounds or immunosuppres-sants can damage the kidneys and blood cells; with iron supplements, it can lessen the effect of penicillamine (they should be taken at least two hours apart); and with vitamin B-6, it can increase the need for this vitamin. The effects of penicillamine can be enhanced when combined with alcohol, cocaine, or marijuana, and diminished when combined with food.
Dosage: John Mann recommends 250 mg/day to start, increasing to 1000 to 2000 mg/day in four divided doses.
RAPAMYCIN
An immune-suppressing drug used to prevent transplanted organs from being rejected.
Effects: It has been found to cause neurons to grow new fibers that connect to other brain cells, which could possibly overcome damage caused by strokes, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. RlSPERIDONE AKA: Risperdal. A drug used in the treatment of schizophrenia and psychotic disorders.
Effects: It is believed to improve short-term memory by about 20 percent in patients taking the drug.
Precautions: Its memory-enhancing effects on non-schizophrenics are still unknown. It should not be taken by those who are allergic to it. It may be dangerous for individuals with liver or kidney disease, allergies to other medications, or a history of seizures. A small percentage of Caucasians and Asians are poor metabolizers of the drug because of a lack of inadequate liver enzyme to break it down, taking five days for a steady dose to reach the blood instead of the usual one. Side effects may be more pronounced in the elderly, and it may lead to photosensitivity in some people. Those taking it should refrain from driving or piloting any craft, or working in high places. Common side effects include trouble with swallowing or speaking, profuse sweating, stiffness or spasms in the muscles of the neck and back, stiffness or weakness in the limbs, anxiety, hand tremors, pale skin, unnatural tiredness, nervousness, irritability, difficulty in walking or balancing, stomach pain, gas, insomnia, dizziness or lightheadedness when moving from a prone or sitting position to a standing position, coughing, stuffy nose, nausea, vomiting, headaches, constipation, and drowsiness. Less common side effects include chest pain, fainting, breathing problems, vision changes, joint pain, fever, lowered sex drive, impotence, rash or other skin problems, sore throat, increased saliva in the mouth, and toothache. Rare side effects consist of such involuntary actions as smacking the lips, puffing out the cheeks, moving the tongue, and uncontrolled movements of the head, neck, arms, and legs. Life-threatening symptoms are known as the neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS), and include high fever, muscle rigidity, mental changes, pulse or blood pressure irregularities, sweating, and abnormal heart rhythms. This last symptom is known as torsade de pointes, and is lifethreatening. Overdose symptoms are merely more extreme manifestations of expected side effects. Risperidone can increase levels of the hormone prolactin, possibly leading to tumors of the pituitary gland, breast, and pancreas, though no documented cases have been noted. The effects of Risperidone are enhanced when taken with Clozapine; Clozapine can also diminish the effects of the drug, as can Carbamazepine. It can strengthen the effects of anti-hypertensives, deepen the sedative effect of other central nervous system depressants, and cause various problems when combined with levodopa. It also has an intensified sedative effect when combined with alcohol. What effects it has when combined with cocaine or marijuana are not known.
An immune-suppressing drug used to prevent transplanted organs from being rejected.
Effects: It has been found to cause neurons to grow new fibers that connect to other brain cells, which could possibly overcome damage caused by strokes, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. RlSPERIDONE AKA: Risperdal. A drug used in the treatment of schizophrenia and psychotic disorders.
Effects: It is believed to improve short-term memory by about 20 percent in patients taking the drug.
Precautions: Its memory-enhancing effects on non-schizophrenics are still unknown. It should not be taken by those who are allergic to it. It may be dangerous for individuals with liver or kidney disease, allergies to other medications, or a history of seizures. A small percentage of Caucasians and Asians are poor metabolizers of the drug because of a lack of inadequate liver enzyme to break it down, taking five days for a steady dose to reach the blood instead of the usual one. Side effects may be more pronounced in the elderly, and it may lead to photosensitivity in some people. Those taking it should refrain from driving or piloting any craft, or working in high places. Common side effects include trouble with swallowing or speaking, profuse sweating, stiffness or spasms in the muscles of the neck and back, stiffness or weakness in the limbs, anxiety, hand tremors, pale skin, unnatural tiredness, nervousness, irritability, difficulty in walking or balancing, stomach pain, gas, insomnia, dizziness or lightheadedness when moving from a prone or sitting position to a standing position, coughing, stuffy nose, nausea, vomiting, headaches, constipation, and drowsiness. Less common side effects include chest pain, fainting, breathing problems, vision changes, joint pain, fever, lowered sex drive, impotence, rash or other skin problems, sore throat, increased saliva in the mouth, and toothache. Rare side effects consist of such involuntary actions as smacking the lips, puffing out the cheeks, moving the tongue, and uncontrolled movements of the head, neck, arms, and legs. Life-threatening symptoms are known as the neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS), and include high fever, muscle rigidity, mental changes, pulse or blood pressure irregularities, sweating, and abnormal heart rhythms. This last symptom is known as torsade de pointes, and is lifethreatening. Overdose symptoms are merely more extreme manifestations of expected side effects. Risperidone can increase levels of the hormone prolactin, possibly leading to tumors of the pituitary gland, breast, and pancreas, though no documented cases have been noted. The effects of Risperidone are enhanced when taken with Clozapine; Clozapine can also diminish the effects of the drug, as can Carbamazepine. It can strengthen the effects of anti-hypertensives, deepen the sedative effect of other central nervous system depressants, and cause various problems when combined with levodopa. It also has an intensified sedative effect when combined with alcohol. What effects it has when combined with cocaine or marijuana are not known.
SELEGILINE
AKA: Deprenyl, Eldepryl, Jumex, Jumexal, Juprenil, L-deprenyl, Mover-gan, Procythol, SD Deprenyl, selegiline hydrochloride. A standard prescription drug used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease in combination with levodopa and Car-bidopa, and mental depression when taken by itself. The molecular structure is similar to phenylethylamine (PEA), which exists in both plants and animals (and is the so-called "love chemical" in chocolate), and also resembles such compounds as amphetamine, norepi-nephrine, dopamine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, L-dopa, and tyramine.
Effects: It can help slow the progress of Alzheimer's to a moderate degree by protecting the brain cells from the damaging effects of oxygen. It also benefits memory, attention, and reaction times in those with Parkinson's, and may also increase concentration, alertness, and mental stamina. In doses of 15 to 60 mg a day, it has relieved depression in 50 percent of those who suffered severely from this illness; one study has shown that it may work synergistically with vitamin B-6 and phenylalanine in this regard (5 mg of selegiline, 100 mg of vitamin B-6, and 1 to 6 grams of phenylalanine). It has increased the life span of rats by an average of 30 percent, and, more significantly, many of them lived beyond the maximum life expectancy for that species. Anecdotal evidence indicates it may be an aphrodisiac.
Precautions: While some studies show dramatic improvements in those with Alzheimer's, others have shown no significant increase for several types of memory tasks. It should not be taken by anyone allergic to selegiline. It may be dangerous for those with a history of peptic ulcers, profound dementia, severe psychosis, tardive dyskinesia, excessive tremors, or a previous bad reaction to selegiline. Those over 60 may be able to get by on smaller doses for a shorter period of time, as side effects may be more pronounced and more frequent. Driving or piloting any craft, operating any heavy machinery, or working in high places should not be undertaken while under the effects of the drug. Common side effects include increased sensitivity to ultra-violet rays from the sun, mood changes, unusual or uncontrolled body movements, hallucinations, headaches, lip smacking, difficult urination, abdominal pain, dizziness, dry mouth, insomnia, and mild nausea. Less common side effects include chest pain, irregular heartbeat, wheezing, swollen feet, speech difficulties, bloody or black stools, constipation, anxiety, tiredness, eyelid spasms, unpleasant tastes, blurred vision, leg pain, ringing in the ears, chills, skin rash, a burning on the lips or in the mouth, drowsiness, frequent and decreased urination. Rare side effects include weight loss, heartburn, jaw clenching or teeth gnashing, impaired memory, and uncontrolled body movements. Life-threatening symptoms include severe chest pain, enlarged pupils, irregular heartbeat, severe nausea and vomiting, and a stiff neck. Overdose symptoms (which can occur in doses of more than 10 mg/day) include high (and possibly fatal) blood pressure, difficulty in opening the mouth, muscle spasms in the neck and heel, sweating, fast and irregular heartbeat, hyperactive reflexes, cold or clammy skin, chest pain, agitation, fainting, seizures, coma, vivid dreams, nightmares, insomnia, restlessness, weakness, drowsiness, flushing of the skin, convulsions, incoherence, confusion, severe headache, high fever, heart attack, shock, excitement, overstimula-tion, irritability, anxiety, and muscle spasms in the face. It should not be taken with any foods that contain the enzyme tyra-mine — avocados, bananas, figs, and raisins; cheese; beer (including nonalcoholic beer), wine, and liquors; yeast extracts, bean pods, bean curd, fava beans, miso soup, or soy sauce; pickled or smoked fish, meat, or poultry; fermented sausage (summer sausage, salami, pepperoni); bologna; liver; overripe fruit — chocolate, or caffeine, as it could result in severe toxicity or death. Mark Mayell, however, insists that, since it only inhibits MAO-B and not MAO-A, it avoids this dangerous interaction. It should not be taken with any over-the-counter medications such as cough and cold medications, laxatives, antacids, diet pills, nose drops, or vitamins without consulting a physician first. There is an increased risk of mental instability and, possibly, death when combined with fluoxetine (there should be at least a five-week span between the time one drug is stopped and the other is taken). When taken with levodopa, there is a greater risk of side effects. With Meperidine (Demerol) and other MAO inhibitors, there could be a severe drop in blood pressure — as well as potentially fatal reactions — and with narcotics, there could be a toxic interaction that may result in seizures, coma, or death. With Sertraline, an increased depressive effect may result. With Sinemet (a combination of Carbidiopa and levodopa), there could be an increase in levodopa's side effects. It should not be combined with Milacemide, opiates, yohimbe, or yohimbine. The effects when combined with Sumatriptan are unknown. Combined with marijuana or tobacco, it could result in a rapid heart rate and, with cocaine, a rapid heart rate and high blood pressure.
Dosage: Smart drug users prefer the liquid form to the pill because it is easier to calibrate into smaller doses and is more readily absorbed into the body. For Parkinson's, the usual dose is 5 mg with breakfast and lunch, which may be enough to produce feelings of well-being and increased energy in the average person. Dr. Jozsef Knoll, who developed selegiline, recommends 10 to 15 mg/ week for the average healthy person age 45 and over. Even less may be effective, especially if taken with vitamin B-6 and phenylalanine. Ward Dean, M.D., et al., state that some individuals have taken up to 60 mg for three weeks with no significant side effects.
AKA: Deprenyl, Eldepryl, Jumex, Jumexal, Juprenil, L-deprenyl, Mover-gan, Procythol, SD Deprenyl, selegiline hydrochloride. A standard prescription drug used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease in combination with levodopa and Car-bidopa, and mental depression when taken by itself. The molecular structure is similar to phenylethylamine (PEA), which exists in both plants and animals (and is the so-called "love chemical" in chocolate), and also resembles such compounds as amphetamine, norepi-nephrine, dopamine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, L-dopa, and tyramine.
Effects: It can help slow the progress of Alzheimer's to a moderate degree by protecting the brain cells from the damaging effects of oxygen. It also benefits memory, attention, and reaction times in those with Parkinson's, and may also increase concentration, alertness, and mental stamina. In doses of 15 to 60 mg a day, it has relieved depression in 50 percent of those who suffered severely from this illness; one study has shown that it may work synergistically with vitamin B-6 and phenylalanine in this regard (5 mg of selegiline, 100 mg of vitamin B-6, and 1 to 6 grams of phenylalanine). It has increased the life span of rats by an average of 30 percent, and, more significantly, many of them lived beyond the maximum life expectancy for that species. Anecdotal evidence indicates it may be an aphrodisiac.
Precautions: While some studies show dramatic improvements in those with Alzheimer's, others have shown no significant increase for several types of memory tasks. It should not be taken by anyone allergic to selegiline. It may be dangerous for those with a history of peptic ulcers, profound dementia, severe psychosis, tardive dyskinesia, excessive tremors, or a previous bad reaction to selegiline. Those over 60 may be able to get by on smaller doses for a shorter period of time, as side effects may be more pronounced and more frequent. Driving or piloting any craft, operating any heavy machinery, or working in high places should not be undertaken while under the effects of the drug. Common side effects include increased sensitivity to ultra-violet rays from the sun, mood changes, unusual or uncontrolled body movements, hallucinations, headaches, lip smacking, difficult urination, abdominal pain, dizziness, dry mouth, insomnia, and mild nausea. Less common side effects include chest pain, irregular heartbeat, wheezing, swollen feet, speech difficulties, bloody or black stools, constipation, anxiety, tiredness, eyelid spasms, unpleasant tastes, blurred vision, leg pain, ringing in the ears, chills, skin rash, a burning on the lips or in the mouth, drowsiness, frequent and decreased urination. Rare side effects include weight loss, heartburn, jaw clenching or teeth gnashing, impaired memory, and uncontrolled body movements. Life-threatening symptoms include severe chest pain, enlarged pupils, irregular heartbeat, severe nausea and vomiting, and a stiff neck. Overdose symptoms (which can occur in doses of more than 10 mg/day) include high (and possibly fatal) blood pressure, difficulty in opening the mouth, muscle spasms in the neck and heel, sweating, fast and irregular heartbeat, hyperactive reflexes, cold or clammy skin, chest pain, agitation, fainting, seizures, coma, vivid dreams, nightmares, insomnia, restlessness, weakness, drowsiness, flushing of the skin, convulsions, incoherence, confusion, severe headache, high fever, heart attack, shock, excitement, overstimula-tion, irritability, anxiety, and muscle spasms in the face. It should not be taken with any foods that contain the enzyme tyra-mine — avocados, bananas, figs, and raisins; cheese; beer (including nonalcoholic beer), wine, and liquors; yeast extracts, bean pods, bean curd, fava beans, miso soup, or soy sauce; pickled or smoked fish, meat, or poultry; fermented sausage (summer sausage, salami, pepperoni); bologna; liver; overripe fruit — chocolate, or caffeine, as it could result in severe toxicity or death. Mark Mayell, however, insists that, since it only inhibits MAO-B and not MAO-A, it avoids this dangerous interaction. It should not be taken with any over-the-counter medications such as cough and cold medications, laxatives, antacids, diet pills, nose drops, or vitamins without consulting a physician first. There is an increased risk of mental instability and, possibly, death when combined with fluoxetine (there should be at least a five-week span between the time one drug is stopped and the other is taken). When taken with levodopa, there is a greater risk of side effects. With Meperidine (Demerol) and other MAO inhibitors, there could be a severe drop in blood pressure — as well as potentially fatal reactions — and with narcotics, there could be a toxic interaction that may result in seizures, coma, or death. With Sertraline, an increased depressive effect may result. With Sinemet (a combination of Carbidiopa and levodopa), there could be an increase in levodopa's side effects. It should not be combined with Milacemide, opiates, yohimbe, or yohimbine. The effects when combined with Sumatriptan are unknown. Combined with marijuana or tobacco, it could result in a rapid heart rate and, with cocaine, a rapid heart rate and high blood pressure.
Dosage: Smart drug users prefer the liquid form to the pill because it is easier to calibrate into smaller doses and is more readily absorbed into the body. For Parkinson's, the usual dose is 5 mg with breakfast and lunch, which may be enough to produce feelings of well-being and increased energy in the average person. Dr. Jozsef Knoll, who developed selegiline, recommends 10 to 15 mg/ week for the average healthy person age 45 and over. Even less may be effective, especially if taken with vitamin B-6 and phenylalanine. Ward Dean, M.D., et al., state that some individuals have taken up to 60 mg for three weeks with no significant side effects.
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The condition is very rare and causes a rapid loss of vision if not treated immediately. Glaucoma is common in the general population. There is literature available and community resources such as support groups and the Lighthouse for the Blind.
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