Wednesday, January 21, 2009

Nootropics: Smart Drugs

Nootropics is a term used by proponents of smart drugs to describe medical drugs and nutritional supplements that have a positive effect on brain function.

Below is a list of some of the commondrugs and supplements


AMPAKINE
Effects: A drug developed from ampakines, a class of biochemicals, has been found to enhance communication between brain cells. Subjects have been shown to have enhanced performance on memory tests, and it may show promise in helping those with such disorders as Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia, in which the high-speed electrical signals that link the brain's complex neural circuits are failing.

ANIRACETAM
AKA: Draganon, Ro 13-5057, Sarpul. Chemically similar to piracetam, but is about ten times stronger and treats more symptoms. How it works is still unknown.

Effects: Has been shown to protect the brains of lab animals.

Precautions: Toxicity and side effects seem minimal, but it has not been adequately tested on humans as yet.

Dosage: The most effective cognitive-enhancing dose is 1000 mg/day, though this is based only on one study.

BD
AKA: Enliven, GHRE, NRG3, 1,4 butanediol, Revitalize Plus, Serenity, Somatopro, Thunder Nectar, Weight Belt Cleaner.

Effects: Increases energy and promotes sleep. When taken orally, it is converted by the body into

GHB.
Precautions: Products containing BD have been associated with over 120 cases of adverse side effects, including three deaths. Side effects include dangerously low heart rate and breathing, vomiting, seizures, unconsciousness, and coma.

BEMEGRIDE
Effects: May increase learning ability and slow the advance of senility.

Precautions: Causes convulsions.

CENTROPHENOXINE
AKA: Brenal, Cellative, Clocete, 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid 2-dimethy-laminoethyl ester, Helfergen, Lucidril, meclofenoxate, Marucotol, Methoxynal, Proserout. It is very similar structurally to the important neurotransmitter acetylcholine. In the bloodstream, it breaks down into DMAE and supplies the same basic building blocks as DMAE for manufacturing acetylcholine and speeding nerve transmissions across synapses.

Effects: It is believed to improve memory, increase mental alertness, improve mood, increase learning ability, protect against aging (has been shown to increase the life span of lab animals 30 percent), remove lipofuscin deposits (it may be better than DMAE in this respect, though some say that this is just speculative), repair synapses, attack free radicals, protect animal brains from the effects of hypoxia (in this respect, it may be useful to those who could suffer loss of oxygen to the tissues, such as some victims of angina, atherosclerotic dementia, intermittent claudication [severe pain in the calves when walking due to restricted blood flow in the legs], and stroke), and increases the rate of synthesis of RNA and the manufacture of new proteins. Despite this, it probably has no effect on Alzheimer's. In Europe, it has been used to treat reading problems, dysfunctions in speech and motor skills, and various age-related mental problems.

Precautions: Centrophenoxine may be dangerous to those who suffer from severe hypertension (high blood pressure), convulsions or involuntary musculoskeletal movements, hyperexcitability, insomnia, tremors, motion sickness, paradoxical drowsiness, and depression. Toxicity is uncommon in therapeutic doses; side effects are also rare, but include depression, dizziness, headaches, hyperexcitability, insomnia (especially if taken later in the day), motion sickness, sleepiness, and tremors.

Dosage: Some say 1000 to 3000 mg/day, though others say that such doses are unnecessarily high, and that 80 mg/kg of body weight (the dosage most often used in clinical trials) is sufficient. It takes effect very fast. DlAZADAMANTOL

Effects: May increase learning ability and slow the advance of senility.

Precautions: Causes convulsions.

DMSO
AKA: Dimethyl sulfoxide, RIMSO-50. Legally, it is only prescribed for interstitial cystitis and bladder inflammation, and is not recommended for any other use, though many use it to treat arthritis and sports injuries. It appears to be an all-purpose solvent, and has been used as a degreaser, paint thinner, and anti-freeze.

Effects: It works, not by lubricating joints or by deadening pain, but by scavenging free radicals. It has been shown to increase circulation; protect against the effects of radiation and freezing; reduce keloids, scars, and the effects of burns; help protect against fungus, bacteria, and viruses; be a beneficial supplement to cancer therapy; stimulate immunity; stimulate wound healing; and useful in treating such eye problems as cataracts, macular degeneration, and glaucoma, among others. It has been found to reduce the severity of paraplegia in cats subjected to crushing spinal cord injuries, and the San Francisco General Hospital Brain Trauma and Edema Center has used it to treat brain injuries. Anecdotal evidence indicates it may provide benefits to those with Down's syndrome, learning disabilities, and senile dementia, as well as those with other forms of brain damage and dysfunction. Because it has so many benefits, proponents tout it as the wonder drug of the 21st century.

Precautions: It may be dangerous for those with a bladder malignancy, kidney or liver problems, diabetes, or who is allergic to DMSO. Those with fair skin use no more than a 50 percent concentration, as they are more sensitive to DMSO. Concentrations of 40 percent or more may prolong bleeding, and concentrations greater than 50 percent are not applied to the face and neck, as they are more sensitive to DMSO than the rest of the body. It should be dabbed on, not rubbed in, and any excess wiped off after half an hour; toxicity may occur if it is inhaled, as it evaporates slowly. It may exacerbate the effects of some allergens. Injections should only be administered by a physician. It is difficult to perform double-blind studies on DMSO; it imparts to the breath and skin an immediate garlic odor. A common side effect is a harmless garlic taste that can persist for up to three days. Less common side effects are vision problems (these have occurred quite frequently in lab animals, but are undocumented in humans), and possibly nausea, headaches, and skin rash, along with redness, itching, burning, discomfort, or blistering on the areas where it has been applied. Rare side effects include nasal congestion, itching, hives, and facial swelling. One life-threatening symptom is breathing difficulties. No overdose symptoms are known, though W. Nathaniel Phillips reports that concentrations greater than 70 percent can cause the skin problems, along with headaches, nausea, diarrhea, a burning sensation when urinating, photophobia (light intolerance), and disturbances in color vision. When combined with any other bladder medication, the effects of both drugs maybe intensified. As it can carry other substances directly into the blood, DMSO should not be applied to the skin where skin medications, cosmetics, lotions, bath oils, or soaps have already been applied. Most of the industrial grade, or solvent grade, solutions contain acetone, which is readily carried into the blood by DMSO, and which can cause liver damage and death. According to Pearson and Shaw, much of the DMSO sold over the counter or by mail order contains unwanted impurities such as dimethylsulfone, dimethylsufide, nitrogen oxides, and benzene. In addition, after it has scavenged the hydroxyl radicals from the body, it converts to a sulfoxide free radical. While this new free radical is less damaging than the one removed and can be counteracted with the various vitamin, mineral, and amino acid antioxidants, impurities can be carried directly into the bloodstream.

Dosage: The typical oral dose is 1 to 2 teaspoons a day, mixed with tomato or grape juice to mask its foul taste. The effects appear to be cumulative, so that the dosage can be reduced over a period of time. The drug appears crystal clear and has a very distinct sulfur or garlic odor; a cloudy or discolored appearance indicates impurities. It is not used for more than 30 days at a time, with a 30-day interval between periods of use. It is dabbed on, never rubbed in, and it is always stored in its pure state, with the bottle securely capped to prevent the absorption of moisture which might deteriorate the solution. The amount needed is mixed at the time of application.

POET
A substitute phenylalanine.

Effects: Said to greatly increase the creativity in people who are already creative, it contributes nothing to people who are not so inclined.

ETIRACETAM
A nootropic drug similar to piracetam. FlPEXIDE AKA: Attentil, BP 662, Vigilor.

Effects: Can enhance dopamine to a certain degree. In one study, forty older people with advanced cognitive disorders improved their scores on a number of various tests after taking it. It may improve learning, but not recall; improved learning may be attributed to the higher levels of dopamine, which can improve motor coordination, strengthen the immune system, and promote a sense of well-being, thus providing a better atmosphere for learning to take place.

Precautions: No side effects, toxi-city, or contraindications known, though more research is needed.

Dosage: Studies to date have used 600 mg/day in three divided doses.

GEROVITAL
AKA: Gerovital H3, GH-3. Gerovital is a chemical mixture of procaine hydrochloride, potassium metabisulfate, disodium phosphate, and benzoic acid. In the body, procaine breaks down into the B vitamin paraminobenzoic acid (PABA) and diethylaminoethanol (DEAE), a chemical relative to DMAE that is, in turn, converted into choline by the cells. While the work of Dr. Ana Asian has made it a very famous and popular anti-aging drug, it is also very controversial — its promoters claim that it can cure over 200 diseases and ailments associated with premature aging.

Effects: May improve memory by promoting better utilization of oxygen in the brain. It is an antidepressant as a result of it's being an MAO inhibitor. The Gerovital product PABA helps in forming blood cells, metabolizing protein, and performing the various functions of the skin. It also aids the intestinal bacteria in producing the vitamins folic acid, pantothenic acid, biotin, and vitamin K. Symptoms of deficiency include constipation, depression, digestive disorders, fatigue, gray hair, headaches, infertility, and irritability. By itself, it is not very effective, but produces good results when taken with procaine hydrochloride. Composed of choline and acetylcholine, the Gerovital product DEAE is an antidepressant.

Precautions: Other researchers have been unable to duplicate discoverer Ana Asian's positive results; some claim it is because they used straight procaine rather than GH-3, but there is much evidence to suggest that they are virtually identical. Additionally, Dr. Asian's research has been attacked for not being well-designed and controlled, and critics assert that most of the improvements are merely the result of its anti-depressant properties. A review of the scientific literature seems to back these criticisms. Dr. Stuart Berger states that PABA is not a vitamin, but a sunblock, and that it can severely deplete the body's white blood cells, and create adverse fatty changes in the heart, liver, and kidneys if taken internally in significant amounts. According to Prevention magazine and Dr. Ronald Klatz, the "active ingredient" is evidently the anesthetic novacaine, which begins to break down as soon as it enters the blood. Side effects, though not common, are life-threatening: allergic reactions, a sudden drop in blood pressure, respiratory problems, and convulsions. Because it is a weak MAO inhibitor, it does not elicit the side effects normally associated with these types of substances. There are rare allergic reactions, but otherwise no adverse effects have been reported, mainly because PABA and DEAE are quickly excreted by the body. Use of GH-3 and related formulations is avoided by anyone on MAO inhibitors, sulfa drugs, sulphonamide drugs, or combinations like cotrimoxazole.

Dosage: One tablet/day for 25 days, followed by a 5 day period of abstinence.

GHB
AKA: Alcover, 4-hydroxybutyrate, gamma hydrate, gamma-hydroxy-butyrate, gammahydroxybutyrate sodium, Gamma OH, Liquid Ecstasy, Liquid X, sodium oxybate, sodium oxybutyrate, Somatomax PM. A natural component of every cell in the body, GHB is found in the greatest concentrations in the kidneys, heart, skeletal muscles, brown fat, hypothalamus, and basal ganglia. It is a precursor to the neurotransmitter GAB A, and may be a neurotransmitter itself. Unlke GABA, it can cross the blood/ brain barrier. It rapidly metabolizes to carbon dioxide and water.

Food Sources: Meat.

Effects: It produces a mild high, with feelings of bliss, placidity, euphoria, and sensuality. It stimulates the release of growth hormone in the body and, unlike drugs with a similar effect, GHB also increases levels of prolactin. Other physiological effects include a slight elevation of blood sugar, a significant decrease in cholesterol, a mild slowing of the heart, a slight lowering of body temperature, and a stimulation of the release of acetylcholine in the brain (which may improve memory and cognition, though this is, as yet, unproven). Sleep induced by GHB tends to be slightly deeper and somewhat shorter than sleep attained without the use of drugs; unlike other remedies for insomnia, it often does not produce grogginess upon waking. It may be useful in treating alcoholism, anxiety, and sleep disorders. Anecdotal evidence indicates it may reduce fat and help build lean muscle tissue, possibly because of its effect on growth hormone. Some speculate it may have aphrodisiac and life-extension properties.

Precautions: It should not be used by anyone suffering from epilepsy, convulsions, slowed heartbeat arising from conduction problems, Cushing's syndrome, severe cardiovascular disease, severe hypertension, hyperprolactinemia, or any kind of severe illness. Before it was banned by the FDA in 1990, it had been studied for 25 years, with the result that it has shown extremely low toxicity. Of 10 known cases of individuals who have suffered side effects, the dosages taken were not known; four of those cases involved combining it with alcohol, two involved individuals with a history of epilepsy or grand mal seizures, and two involved combining it with tranquilizers or such central nervous system depressants as Vicodin and diphenhydramine hydrochloride. Bodybuilders who had taken GHB switched to GABA after the ban. It remains a popular "rave" drug, with many deaths attributed to it, though how many of these are due to impurities, misidentification, and combining with other drugs is unknown. Common side effects include abrupt sedation, loss of coordination, sleepwalking, unarousability, and decreased inhibition in those taking 2 to 6 teaspoons (approximately 5 to 15 grams) twice nightly over a period of several years. Mild side effects include a numbness of the legs, headache, lethargy, dizziness, a tightness in the chest, extreme ebullience, intense drowsiness, breathing difficulties, and uncontrollable muscle twitches. Severe side effects include confusion, nausea, diarrhea, incontinence, temporary amnesia, sleepwalking, uncontrollable shaking, vomiting, seizures, and brief (one to two hours) non-toxic coma. Complete recovery from even the most severe side effects, however, appears to occur within a few hours and with no apparent long-term side effects. In a 1992 report, epidemiologist Ming-Yan Chin and Richard A. Kreutzer, M.D., both working for the California Department of Health Services, concluded, "there are no documented reports of long-term [adverse] effects. Nor is there any evidence for physiological addiction." Others report that there has been one documented case of addiction, though there is no evidence of withdrawal symptoms. Because it may deplete levels of potassium in the body, GHB is often administered with a potassium supplement in which the elemental form is equal to 10 percent of the weight of the GHB consumed. It is not combined with central nervous system depressants such as benzodiazepines (e.g., Valium, Xanax), phenothiazines (e.g., Thorazine, Stellazine), various painkillers (e.g., opiates, barbiturates), alcohol, or over-the-counter allergy and sleep remedies. Food can dissipate or delay its effects, and caffeine can block its dopamine-related effects.

Dosage: In various studies doses of 6 to 8 g/day for eight to ten days, 20 to 30 g/day for a week, and 2.5 g/day for several years produced no adverse side effects. The initial dosage is small —an eighth to a fourth of a gram — and dissolved in water, increasing gradually to the desired dose (one level teaspoon equals approximately 2.5 grams). The dosage is adjusted according to body weight, though Ward Dean, M.D., etal, published the following general doserelated expectations: less than 1 gram gives rise to mild relaxation, reduced anxiety, and increased sociability; 1 to 2 grams, strong relaxation; 2 to 4 grams, sleep of three to four hours; 4 to 8 grams — very deep sleep of three to four hours; 10 to 30+ grams, a prolonged, very deep sleep of up to 24 hours. It is taken on an empty stomach (preferably three to four hours after the last meal) to avoid nausea, vomiting, and a delayed onset of effects. About three-quarters to one and a half grams produces a high, while 2.5 grams induces sleep. Illicit GHB invariably contains dangerous — even toxic — impurities. Pure GHB powder has a salty/ licorice taste, turns from a chalky texture to a greasy one when rubbed between the fingers, will fully dissolve in water, and will easily absorb water and turn liquid overnight.

GRISEOLI£ACID
Derivatives are known metabolic brain-enhancers.

HYDERGINE
AKA: Circanol, Deapril-ST, dihydroergotoxine, ergoloid mesylates, ergot alkaloids dihydrogenated, Hydroloid, Niloric. Hydergine is one of a class of drugs called ergoloid mesylates, which are a combination of three substances produced by the ergot fungus. It was discovered by Albert Hofmann, the chemist who discovered a more famous ergot derivative, LSD-25. The exact method by which it works is unknown, as ergot — a deadly poisonous dark purple or black fungus which thrives on wet grains such as rye — generally causes hallucinations, convulsions, gangrene, and death. Similar in chemistry to LSD, but non-hallucinogenic, it is — paradoxically — one of the easiest smart drugs to obtain. It is also one of the most widely researched and prescribed. It is generally prescribed to slow age-related memory loss and impaired concentration. In Europe, it is used routinely on accident victims — those suffering from shock, hemorrhage, strokes, heart attacks, drowning, electrocution, and drug overdose can sometimes be revived by intravenous injection— and on hospital patients just before standard surgeries (it gives doctors more time to handle any medical emergencies should they arise in the course of the operation).

Effects: Has been claimed to be an "all-purpose brain booster," as it improves blood flow to the brain, improves the oxygen supply to the brain, increases brain cell metabolism, protects the brain from hypoxia, decreases the development of age pigment (lipofuscin) in the brain, protects brain cells from free-radical damage, keeps a proper balance of several major neurotransmitters in the brain, normalizes systolic blood pressure, and decreases cholesterol levels. It is believed to improve memory, learning, intelligence, and recall. It may also increase the levels of some transmitters in the brain and may promote the growth of some dendrite nerve fibers. Some obscure French studies done in Africa may indicate it is an effective treatment for sicklecell anemia. Works synergistically with piracetam.

Precautions: It is not taken by individuals who are allergic to ergot or any of its derivatives, who suffer from any kind of psychosis, whose heartbeat is less than 60 beats per minute, or whose systolic blood pressure is below 100. It may be dangerous to individuals with low blood pressure, liver disease, or psychosis. It could result in a reduced ability of the body to adjust to cold temperatures. Common symptoms include runny nose, skin flushing, and headache. Less common symptoms are a slow heartbeat, tingling fingers, and blurred vision. Rare symptoms include fainting, rash, nausea, vomiting, stomach cramps, dizziness when arising, drowsiness, soreness under the tongue, and loss of appetite. Overdosing can cause agitation, headaches, flushing in the face, nasal congestion, nausea, vomiting, a drop in blood pressure, blurred vision, weakness, collapse, coma, and amnesia. Many doctors are not convinced of its efficacy. It is rather expensive. When combined with other ergot preparations or sympathomimetics, it may result in decreased circulation to the limbs, which could be serious. It could greatly intensify the effect of caffeine, cause an excessive drop in blood pressure when combined with alcohol, lead to overstimulation when combined with cocaine, and decrease the ergoloid effect when combined with marijuana or tobacco.

Dosage: The recommended dosage in the U.S. is 3 mg/day; in Europe, it is 9 mg/day in three divided doses, but 4.5 to 6 mg/day appears to produce good results. Sublingual tablets are ineffective if swallowed intact. It may take at least half a year before the effects are noticeable, but one study has shown that healthy young people taking 12 mg/day saw greater alertness and mental abilities after only two weeks. It works synergistically with piracetam; when the two are combined, smaller doses of each are just as effective as a larger dose of one.

ISOPRINOSINE
AKA: Methisprinol. Two of the ingredients in isoprinosine are inosine, which is used by the body to make RNA, and dimethy-laminoethanol (DMAE), which assists the inosine in penetrating the blood-brain barrier. It is chemically similar to DMAE.

Effects: Assists the brain in certain key functions relating to memory formation and promotes RNA synthesis in brain cells. It promotes RNA synthesis in brain cells; is an immune stimulator which may have antiviral properties; and has been shown to increase the effectiveness of Interferon, render some herpes viruses inactive, and reduce the severity of some AIDS symptoms.

Precautions: It should not be used by those with gout or who are predisposed to developing it.

K.H.3
A procaine formula similar to Gerovital and Vitacel, it comes in gelatin capsule form, where it is coupled with hematoporphyrin, which increases the effectiveness of procaine.

Effects: Allegedly improves alertness, concentration, and recall, along with a host of physical disorders.

Precautions: It is not taken by those allergic to procaine or who are taking sulfa drugs or MAO inhibitors. The precautions that apply to Gerovital also apply to K.H.3.

Dosage: 1 or 2 capsules a day with meals for five months, followed by a period of two to four weeks of no K.H.3. MlLACEMIDE AKA: 2-n-pentylaminoacetamide.

Effects: A few studies have shown it to improve certain aspects of memory in normal people, while having no effect on memory on those afflicted with Alzheimer's or schizophrenia. Much more research needs to be done.

Precautions: Possible side effects include elevated liver enzymes, nausea, diarrhea, and disorientation. It is not combined with any MAO-B inhibitor drug, such as deprenyl, as it may have a negative effect on memory and brain function.

Dosage: The optimal dosage seems to be 400 to 1200 mg/day. Since it apparently has an inverted Ushaped dose-response curve, smaller doses (unless used in combination with other smart drugs) and larger doses may have insignificant, or even negative, results.

NAFTIDROFURYL
A metabolic brain-enhancer.

NDD-094
Effects: A compound said to stop, and even reverse, memory loss, apparently by regrowing nerve cells that create acetylcholine. patients taking NDD-094 have registered improved brain activity levels on PET scans.

Precautions: There may be side effects, including nausea. Much more research needs to be done.

NEFIRACETAM
Effects: Like piracetam, it is derived from pyrrolidone, which is believed to enhance the nervous system's ability to utilize acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter.

NOOTROPYL
AKA: 2-oxo-pyrrolidine acetamide. An analogue of gamma-aminobutyric acid, a neurotransmitter.

Effects: It apparently stimulates the flow of information between the two hemispheres of the brain in rats and mice.

OXJRACETAM
AKA: CT-848, hydroxypiracetam, ISF-2522, Neuractiv, Neuromet. An analogue of piracetam that is about two to three times more potent.

Precautions: It appears to be nontoxic, with no ill effects in doses as high as 2400 mg/day. Little research has been done on healthy individuals, however.

Dosage: Doses of 1200 to 2400 mg/day seem to produce the greatest improvement in cognitive function, though some recommend 800 to 2400 mg/day.

OXPRENOLOL
A beta-adrenergic blocking agent prescribed to reduce angina attacks, stabilize an irregular heartbeat, lower blood pressure, and reduce the occurrence of vascular headaches.

Effects: It has been shown to reduce phobias and eliminate anxiety.

Precautions: It is not taken by anyone with an allergy to any beta-adrenergic blocker; by those with hypotension, as it lowers blood pressure, aggravates any condition of congestive heart failure, produces tingling in the extremities, and light-headedness; by those with asthma, pollen allergies, upper respiratory disease, or arterial spasms; or by those who have taken MAO inhibitors or other psychiatric or psychotropic drugs within the preceding two weeks. It is used by those who have chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (e.g., asthma, bronchitis, hay fever, or emphysema), diabetes or hypoglycemia, kidney or liver problems, heart disease or poor circulation in the limbs, an overactive thyroid function, or surgery within the previous two months (including dental surgery) that requires general or spinal anesthesia. For those over age 60, the side effects maybe more severe and frequent. Prolonged use can weaken the heart muscles, and it may mask symptoms of hypoglycemia or alter the results of some medical tests. Common side effects include a pulse rate slower than 50 beats per minute, diarrhea, dizziness, drowsiness, fatigue, nausea, numbness or tingling in the fingers and toes, weakness, cold hands or feet, and dryness of the eyes, mouth, and skin. Less common side effects include hallucinations, nightmares, insomnia, headaches, breathing difficulties, joint pain, anxiety, chest pain, confusion, lack of alertness, depression, impotence, abdominal pain, and constipation. Rare symptoms include rash, sore throat, fever, unexplained bleeding or bruising, and dry burning eyes. There is an enhanced beta blocker effect when combined with betaxolol eyedrops or Levobunolol eyedrops, and a diminished beta blocker effect when combined with Dextrothyroxine or Indomethacin. It can intensify the effects of antidiabetics, antihypertensives, barbiturates, insulin, and narcotics, and can lessen the effects of antihistamines and beta-agonists. It can decrease the effectiveness of Digitalis if taken for congestive heart failure, but increase its effectiveness if taken for any other medical reason. There is an increased drop in blood pressure when taken with alcohol, calcium channel blockers, Clonidine, Diazoxide, or Guanabenz. When combined with angiotensin-converting (ACE) inhibitors or nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), it could increase the antihypertensive effect of one or both drugs; with Encainide, it could damage the heart muscle; with Molindone, there could be an increased tranquilizer effect; with MAO inhibitors, there could be a rise in blood pressure if the latter is discontinued; with cocaine, there could be an irregular heartbeat and a decreased betaadrenergic effect; with daily marijuana use, there could be circulation problems in the hands and feet; and with tobacco, there could be an irregular heartbeat. It may also interact with certain ingredients in over-the-counter cold, cough, and allergy remedies.

PENTYLENETETRAZOL
AKA: Metrazol.

Effects: Stimulates theta rhythms in the brain, which are associated with periods of creative thinking, and may increase learning ability and slow the advance of senility.

Precautions: Causes convulsions.

PHENYTOIN
AKA: Dilantin (extended action), Diphenylan (prompt acting), Diphenylhydantoin (DPH), Ditan (prompt acting), Ethotoin, Mephenytoin, Mesantoin, Peganone, Phenytex, PHT. The most commonly prescribed drug for epilepsy, it has been the subject of at least 8000 papers. The exact mechanism by which it works is still not understood, but it is believed to influence the electromagnetic fields, polarizing the electrically charged elements of the cells.

Effects: Though it is mainly used as a treatment for epilepsy, it has a number of other various effects: it can normalize electrical activity in the cell membranes; it can stabilize behavior by suppressing obsessive thoughts, fear, anger, violent behavior, and passivity; it can supposedly improve intelligence, concentration, learning, long-term memory, comprehension, and speed of visual-motor coordination; it has some anti-aging effects, including restoring the homeostasis of the neuroendocrine system; in small doses, it increases the "good" form of cholesterol, called high density lipo-protein (HDL).

Precautions: It is not taken by anyone who is allergic to hydantoin anticonvulsants, has liver damage or impaired liver functioning, has had surgery within the last two months that has required general or spinal anesthesia, has diabetes, or a blood disorder. Those over 60 should realize that adverse reactions and side effects will occur more often and much more strongly than they do in younger individuals. Common side effects include constipation; mild dizziness; drowsiness; gums that are bleeding, swollen, or tender; nausea; increased susceptibility to sunburn; and vomiting. Less common side effects include agitation, breast swelling, confusion, diarrhea, an increase in facial and body hair, hallucinations, headaches, insomnia, muscle twitches, rash, slurred speech, staggering, vision changes. Rare symptoms include abdominal pain, an increased chance of bleeding or bruising, fever, jaundice, and sore throat. Other symptoms cited by some sources include anemia, balding, chest pains, depression, mental confusion and learning disability, conjunctivitis, nervousness, numbness of the hands and feet, nystagmus, retention of water, sensitivity to bright lights, swollen glands, tiredness, irritability, and weight gain, though these also disappear as time goes on and dosage is reduced. A severe allergic reaction could be life-threatening, and could include such symptoms as fever, rash, swollen glands, and kidney failure. Use of phenytoin may even cause liver damage, including hepatitis. If stomach upset occurs, it should be taken with meals. Long-term effects may be weakened bones, gum overgrowth (though this occurs mainly in children and is rare in instances where the lower, cognitive-enhancing doses are taken; still, good oral hygiene is recommended), constant eye movements, liver damage, lymph gland enlargement, and numbness and tingling in the hands and feet. An overdose can cause problems in maintaining balance, a drop in blood pressure, slow, shallow breathing, coma, drowsiness, spastic eye movements, decreased intelligence, slow reaction time, slurred speech, and staggering. There have been reports of insomnia, tremors and in some cases, liver toxicity in the first month or so of use. It is not habit-forming, but abrupt cessation could trigger severe epileptic seizures. Phenytoin may deplete the body's stores of B-12, lead to a heightened need for thyroid hormone, interfere with the absorption of vitamin D and folic acid (supplements of calcium should be taken along with vitamin D and folic acid, though calcium will decrease the amount of Phenytoin the body absorbs from the small intestine). The effects of Phenytoin can be increased when taken with alcohol (small amounts), Allopurinol, salicylate drugs such as aspirin, benzodiazopine tranquilizers and sedatives, Chlorphi-ramine, Cimetidine, Ibuprofen, Metro-nidazole, Miconazole, Molindone, Nizatidine, Omeprazole, Phenacemide, succinimide antiseizure medicines, tri-cyclic antidepressants, Trimethoprim, or Valproic Acid. The anticonvulsant effect can be enhanced when taken in combination with Amiodarone, Carba-mazepine, Chloramphenicol, Disul-firam, Fluconazole, Isoniazid, Methylphenidate, Nicardipine, Nimodipine, Oxyphenbutazone, Para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS), Phenothiazines, Phenylbutazone, Sulfa drugs, or Warfarin. The anticonvulsant effect is diminished when Phenytoin is taken with alcohol (habitual use), antacids, anticancer drugs, barbiturates, Carbamazepine, charcoal tablets, Diazoxide, Glutethimide, influenza virus vaccine, Loxapine, marijuana (with attendant drowsiness and unsteadiness), Nitrofurantoin, Paroxitine, Pyridoxine, Rifampin, Sucralfate, or Theophylline. When taken in combination with anticoagulants or Propafenone, the effects of both drugs are intensified, and when taken with Xanthines, the effects of both drugs are weakened. Phenytoin can amplify the effects of Estrogen, Griseofulvin, Methotrexate, Propranolol, Quinidine, sedatives, and Warfarin, and curtail the effects of Amiodarone, Carbamazepine, corticosteroids, cortisone drugs, Cyclosporine, Dicumarol, Digitalis preparations, Disopyramide, Doxycycline, Furosemide, Haloperidol, Hypoglycemics, Itraconazole, Methadone, Metyrapone, Mexiletine, oral contraceptives, potassium supplements, Probenecid, Quinidine, Sotalol, Theophylline drugs, and Valproic Acid. Phenytoin can interact unpredictably with Clonazepam, Dopamine, levodopa, Levonorgestrel, Mebendazole, Phenothiazine antipsychotic medicines, or oral antidiabetic medications. The severity of side effects and adverse reactions increases when taken with Felbamate, there is an increased risk of toxicity when taken with Cimetidine, and an increased risk of liver toxicity when taken with Acetaminophen. The anticonvulsant dose may need to be adjusted when taken with tricyclic antidepressants; there may be a changed seizure pattern when taken with barbiturates; there is a greater chance of bone disease when taken with carbonic anhydrase inhibitors; there could be oversedation when taken with central nervous system depressants; the incidence of seizures increases when taken with cocaine or oral contraceptives; corticosteroid drugs could hide any Phenytoinsensitivity reactions; there could be an increase in drug levels in the blood when taken in combination with gold compounds; and Leucovorin could counteract the effects of phenytoin. When taken with Lithium, it can increase the toxicity of the latter drug; when taken with MAO inhibitors, it could result in an increased polythiazide effect; when taken with Meperidine, it can decrease the painrelieving effects of the latter while increasing its side effects; when taken with nitrates, it could result in an excessive drop in blood pressure; when taken with Omeprazole, there could be a delay in the excretion of phenytoin with a resultant excess remaining in the blood; when taken with Phenacemide, it could result in an increased risk of paranoia; and when taken with Valproic acid, it could result in seizures.

Dosage: Adult epileptics are generally given doses of 200 to 400 mg/day in two to four divided doses. About an eighth of that, or 25 to 50 mg/day are given for cognitive-enhancing effects, though some recommend as much as 100 mg/day in two to four divided doses. PlCROTOXINE

Effects: May increase learning ability and slow the advance of senility.

Precautions: Causes convulsions. PlRACETAM AKA: Cerebroforte, Dinagen, Gabacet, Nootropil, Normabrain. Its chemical structure is very close to the amino acid pyroglutamate, a substance found in meat, vegetables, fruits, and dairy products.

Effects: Protects the brain against — and helps it recover from — hypoxia; protects against metabolic stress related to low oxygen flow to the brain resulting from intense athletic performance, high altitude conditions, and smoking; steps up the rate of metabolism and level of energy in the brain cells by increasing the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and improving the blood flow within the brain; improves memory, alertness, and some kinds of learning in normal humans (probably by helping the brain synthesize new proteins); prevents memory loss caused by physical injury and chemical poisoning; and facilitates the flow of information between the two hemispheres of the brain, an important component of creativity, insight, and peak performance. May contribute to the growth of more cholinergic receptors in the brain. It has been used in the treatment of dyslexia, stroke, alcoholism, vertigo, senile dementia, and sickle-cell anemia, among other conditions. Works synergistically with centrophenoxine, choline, Deaner, DMAE, gingko biloba, Hydergine, or lecithin; for improving memory, the combination of Piracetam and choline is particularly effective.

Precautions: Though piracetam is derived from pyrrolidone, a substance that is believed to enhance the nervous system's ability to utilize acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter, the exact mechanism by which it works is still not fully understood. There is some evidence that it increases the number of receptors in the brain, but it also seems to increase blood flow to the brain. Still other theories suggest that it improves protein synthesis in the brain, improves the function of nerve fibers in the corpus callosum (thereby assisting the flow of information between the two halves of the brain), or that it reduces free radicals. It is avoided by those with severe kidney failure and those taking anticoagulant drugs. In rare cases, it may cause gastrointestinal distress, diarrhea, headaches, insomnia, nausea, and psychomotor agitation. It may result in acetylcholine's being used up more rapidly in the body, so a choline supplement may be needed. It may also increase the effects of such drugs as amphetamines, psychotropics, and Hydergine. It is not believed to be toxic or addictive, and has no contraindications.

Dosage: 800 to 1600 mg/day after an initial daily dose of 1200 to 2400 mg/ day taken in the morning for the first two days. Others recommend 2400 to 4800 mg/day in three divided doses, while still others a more modest dose of 500 to 600 mg/day for a healthy person and 1000 to 2000 mg/day for an elderly person with mild to moderate memory impairment.

PRAMIRACETAM
AKA: CI-879, Neupramir. A variant of piracetam, it stimulates the functioning of the cholinergic system, but at much lower doses (it is approximately 15 times stronger than piracetam). It is not as fully tested and researched as piracetam.

Precautions: Toxicity is rare, and known side effects are few.

Dosage: 75 to 1500 mg/day.

PRL-8-53
Effects: An experimental drug that has been shown to increase recall in subjects by as much as 150 percent.

PROPANIRACETAM
A nootropic drug similar to piracetam.

PROPRANOLOL
AKA: Inderal, Inderal LA (long acting), propranolol hydrochloride. A beta-andrenergic blocking agent medication prescribed for high blood pressure patients and used in the treatment of angina, hypertension, specific tremors, and certain cardiac arrhythmias.

Effects: Reduces fear and stress by blocking the muscle's receptor sites for adrenaline; it also reduces the oxygen requirements of the heart and reduces the contractions of the blood vessels in the heart, scalp, and other areas. Taking it a half hour before an anxiety- or fear-inducing event may help an individual overcome his or her aversion to that situation.

Precautions: Most studies have been short term (six weeks or so), and more recent evidence does not support the claim that it works consistently over the long run. There is also evidence that it controls the physical symptoms of anxiety, but not the psychological ones. It is not taken by anyone with an allergy to any beta-adrenergic blocker; by those with hypotension, as it lowers blood pressure, aggravates any condition of congestive heart failure, produces tingling in the extremities, and light-headedness; by those with asthma, pollen allergies, upper respiratory disease, or arterial spasms; or by those who have taken MAO inhibitors or other psychiatric or psychotropic drugs within the preceding two weeks. It is prescribed for those who have chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (e.g., asthma, bronchitis or emphysema), diabetes or hypoglycemia, kidney or liver problems, heart disease or poor circulation in the limbs, an overactive thyroid function, or surgery within the last two months (including dental surgery) that requires general or spinal anesthesia. Common side effects include a slow pulse rate (fewer than 50 beats per minute), a coldness in the hands and feet, diarrhea, dizziness, drowsiness, a dryness of the mouth, eyes, and skin, fatigue, and numbness or tingling in the fingers and toes. Less frequent symptoms include abdominal pain, a loss of alertness, anxiety, difficult breathing, chest pain, confusion, constipation, depression, hallucinations, headache, impotence, insomnia, joint pain, and nightmares. Rare side effects include excessive bleeding and bruising, eyes that are dry and burning, fever, rash, sore throat, vomiting, and emotional instability. Other possible side effects include short-term memory loss, visual disturbances, weakness, and paranoia. Overdose symptoms include a drop in blood pressure, bronchial muscle spasms leading to breathing difficulties, convulsions, fainting, heart failure, a slow or weak pulse, cold and sweaty skin, and weakness. Toxic psychosis will occur when the dosage is high (i.e., thousands of milligrams a day). Use is discontinued by decreasing the dosage gradually over a period of two weeks, as abrupt cessation could damage the heart. For those over age 60, the side effects may be more severe and frequent. Prolonged use can weaken the heart muscles. It may mask symptoms of hypoglycemia or alter the results of some medical tests. There is an enhanced beta blocker effect when combined with betaxolol eyedrops or Levobunolol eyedrops, and a diminished beta blocker effect when combined with Dextrothyroxine or Indomethacin. It can intensify the effects of antidiabetics, antihypertensives, barbiturates, insulin, and narcotics, and can lessen the effects of antihistamines and beta-agonists. It can decrease the effectiveness of Digitalis if taken for congestive heart failure, but increase its effectiveness if taken for any other medical reason. There is an increased drop in blood pressure when taken with alcohol, calcium channel blockers, Clonidine, Diazoxide, or Guanabenz. When combined with angiotensin-converting (ACE) inhibitors or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), Propranolol could increase the antihypertensive effect of one or both drugs; with Encainide, it could damage the heart muscle; with Molindone, it could increase tranquilizer effect; with MAO inhibitors, it could raise blood pressure if the latter is discontinued; with cocaine, it could lead to an irregular heartbeat and a decreased beta-adrenergic effect; with daily marijuana use, it may promote circulation problems in the hands and feet; and with tobacco, it could lead to an irregular heartbeat. It may also interact with certain ingredients in overthe- counter cold, cough, and allergy remedies.

Dosage: Some recommend 10 to 30 mg a half hour before the trauma-inducing event, though the usual prescribed dosage is 5 to 10 mg. Propranolol will have a greater effect if taken with meals. RlBAMOL AKA: 2-hydroxytriethylammo-nium ribonucleate.

Effects: May enhance memory and learning. RlVASTIGMINE The first in a new class of drugs known as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.

Effects: A study has shown that it may improve the brain functioning of those with mild to moderate forms of Alzheimer's disease, enabling them to perform normal activities again.

RN-13
AKA: Regeneresen. Developed by Hans J. Kugler, it is a mixture of RNA from twelve organs (placenta, testes, ovaries, hypothalamus, adrenal cortices, pituitary, thalamus, spleen, vascular walls, cerebral cortex, liver, and kidneys), along with yeast-derived nucleic acid.

Effects: Said to double the life span of dwarf mice, have a rejuvenating influence on the human body, and improve learning, memory, and general brain function.

ROLZIRACETAM
Effects: Like piracetam, it is derived from pyrrolidone, which is believed to enhance the nervous system's ability to utilize acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter.

SABELUZOLE
Effects: Preliminary evidence indicates that it may prevent Alzheimer's from progressing, and may improve memory and learning in normal individuals.

STRYCHNINE SULFATE
Effects: May increase learning ability and slow the advance of senility. Precautions: Causes convulsions.

SULBUTIAMINE
AKA: Arcalion. A compound similar to Hydergine, but stronger.

Effects: Promotes alertness, strengthens long-term memory, improves reaction time, fights fatigue, lowers anxiety, and improves resistance to stress.

Precautions: More than three 200 mg tablets a day may result in severe headaches.

Dosage: 400 mg/day with breakfast for 20 days.

SYGEN
AKA: GM1 ganglioside.

Effects: In use in Italy as a treatment for Alzheimer's and memory disorders.

TACRINE
AKA: Cognex, tacrine hydrochloride, Tetrahydroaminoacridine, THA.

Effects: Has a good track record for improving memory in Alzheimer's patients, especially when taken with deprenyl and lecithin, though it does not help other damage caused by this disease. It is most effective for those whose memory problems are the result of too little acetylcholine, as it is the only drug proven to raise levels of acetylcholine in the brain.

Precautions: It is not taken by those allergic or sensitive to Tacrine or acridine derivatives. A doctor should be consulted first if any one of the following conditions are present: heart rhythm problems, ulcers, liver disease, bladder disease, seizure disorders, asthma, or a previous reaction to tacrine that has caused jaundice or elevated bilirubin. Women are likely to retain more of this drug in their blood and suffer side effects. It could be hepatotoxic (toxic to the liver) and should only be taken under a physician's guidance. It is used as a "smart drug" only by those with Alzheimer's, and even then it loses its effectiveness after only a few months. Common side effects include headaches, sore throat, dizziness, fainting, chills, sweating, fever, stomach gas, skin rash, lack of coordination, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, swelling in the legs and feet, a tingling in the hands and feet, difficulty urinating, joint pain and inflammation, spasticity, hyperactivity, nervousness, sinus inflammation, bronchitis, pneumonia, difficulty breathing, convulsions, liver inflammation, conjunctivitis, blood pressure changes, and broken bones. Less common side effects include loss of appetite, changes in taste, drowsiness, eyes that are dry or itching, eye pain, sties, double vision or other vision problems, glaucoma, cataracts, earache, ringing or buzzing in the ears, deafness, infections of the middle or inner ear, a flushing in the face, facial swelling, a sickly appearance, indigestion, insomnia, muscle aches, runny nose, rash, stomach pain, heavy sweating, dehydration, greater chance of tiredness or weakness, and weight gain, heart failure, heart attack, angina pains, stroke, vein irritation, cardiac insufficiency, heart palpitations, abnormal heart rhythms, migraines, slow heart rate, blood clots in the lung, elevated blood cholesterol, inflamed tongue swollen gums, dry mouth and throat, mouth sores, upset stomach, excess saliva, difficulty swallowing, esophagus and stomach irritation, bleeding or ulcers in the stomach or intestines, hemorrhoids, hiatal hernia, bloody stools, diverticulitis, loss of bowel control, impacted colon, gallbladder irritation or stones, increased appetite, diabetes, anemia, osteoporosis, tendinitis, bursitis, abnormal dreams, speaking difficulties, loss of memory, twitching, delirium, paralysis, slow muscle movements, nerve inflammation or disease, Parkinson's-type movements, apathy, heightened sex drive, neurosis, paranoia, nosebleeds, chest congestion, asthma, rapid breathing, respiratory infection, acne, hair loss, skin rash, eczema, dry skin, herpes zoster (shingles), psoriasis, skin inflammation, cysts, furuncles, cold sores, herpes infections, blood and puss in the urine, kidney stones and infections, sugar in the urine, frequent urination, urinating at night, cystitis, vaginal bleeding, genital itching, breast pain, impotence, and prostate cancer. Rare side effects include heat exhaustion, blood infection, very abnormal heart rhythms, bowel obstruction, duodenal ulcer, convulsions, lack of coordination, thyroid changes, a reduction in white blood cell and platelet counts, muscle disease, some loss of the senses (particularly touch), severe uncontrolled movements of the face, loss of muscle tone, changes in liver function (resulting in yellow skin or eyes, changes in stool color), inflammation of the brain and possibly the central nervous system, Bell's palsy, suicidal thoughts, hysteria, psychosis, vomiting blood, fluid in the lungs, lung cancer, sudden choking, skin peeling, oily skin, skin ulcers, skin cancer, melanoma, bladder or kidney tumors, kidney failure, urinary obstruction, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, inflammation of the male reproductive tract, blindness, drooping or inflamed eyelids, and disturbances or inflammation of the inner ear. Overdose symptoms include a decrease in blood pressure, collapse, convulsions, decreased heartbeat, muscle weakness (leading to respiratory failure and death), severe nausea and vomiting, increased salivation, and heavy sweating. Cimetidine can increase the amount of Tacrine in the blood, and tobacco can increase the rate at which it is broken down in the liver. Theophylline could intensify the effect of this drug, and anticholinergics could diminish the effect of this drug. It could also strengthen the effects of muscle relaxants during surgery. Tacrine is taken at least one hour before or two hours after eating.

Dosage: Subjects with Alzheimer's showed the best improvement when given doses of 120 to 160 mg/ day, but improvements in memory and the ability to think and reason lasted for only 24 weeks, after which the decline in mental abilities resumed.

2-MEA
AKA: Cysteamine, 2-mercapto-ethylamine.

Effects: An antioxidant. It bolsters the immune system and may increase life span. It is used as a treatment for radiation sickness in the former Soviet Union, and can remove heavy metals such as cadmium, lead, and mercury from the body.

Precautions: May actually shorten the life span if a very high dosage is combined with a very high dosage of vitamin E.

Dosage: John Mann recommends 200 mg/day for life extension. VlNCAMINE AKA: Oxicebral. Made from an extract of the periwinkle plant.

Effects: A vasodilator (improves blood flow to the brain and enhances the brain's utilization of oxygen). Users claim it improves memory and cognition, but sufficient scientific research is lacking for normal, healthy people.

Precautions: It may cause a reduction in white corpuscles and a degeneration of muscle tissue. In rare cases, it causes gastrointestinal problems.

Dosage: 60 mg/day in two divided doses. VlNPOCETINE AKA: Cavinton. A close relative of vincamine believed to elicit more benefits and fewer side effects.

Effects: Reportedly a strong enhancer of memory and concentration. It improves the brain's metabolism by increasing the blood flow, speeding up the rate at which ATP is produced by the brain cells, and improving the use of glucose and oxygen in the brain. It is particularly effective for disorders caused by poor or impaired circulation, such as stroke, headaches, recurring dizziness, macular degeneration, and certain ear problems.

Precautions: No toxicity or contraindications. Side effects, which include dry mouth, hypotension, tachycardia, and weakness, are rare.

Dosage: 5 to 10 mg/day. It takes a year for the drug to reach its peak efficiency. VlTACEL 3 The tablet form of GH-3, it has the active PEN ingredient as Gerovital. Vitaeel 4 has the addition of bee propolis for its antibacterial and antiviral qualities, and royal jelly for its high levels of vitamins B-5, B-6, and C. Vitacel 7 has replaced the bisulfite and benzoic acid with vitamin-complexing agents to prevent allergy problems; according to creator Dr. Robert Koch, this last formulation helps the procaine hydrochloride stay active in the body for several hours. Precautions: See the entries under Gerovital and Royal jelly.

Tuesday, January 20, 2009

Medical Drugs for the Mind

There are any different drugs that are given for their various effects on the brain and mind. The following is a list of some of those drugs and their effects


ALENDRONATE
AKA: Alendronate sodium, Fos-amax. A drug used for the treatment of osteoporosis.

Effects: There are two anecdotal cases of patients who have had improved memory and mental functioning after taking it. As yet, this has not been supported by clinical evidence.

Precautions: It elicits adverse effects in those who have severe kidney disease or an allergy to Alendronate; it can also worsen such gastrointestinal disorders as swallowing difficulties, ulcers, and stomach irritations. Common side effects include abdominal or stomach discomfort, nausea, breathing problems, constipation, gas, diarrhea, and ulcers. Less common side effects include difficulty in swallowing, muscle pain, and headache. Rare side effects include taste perception changes and vomiting. Overdose symptoms include upset stomach, heartburn, throat irritation, ulcer, and low levels of calcium and phosphate in the blood. The absorption of Alendronate can be interfered with by antacids, calcium supplements, and other oral medications, which should not be taken within thirty minutes of Alendronate. Stomach or intestinal problems can result when mixed with aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or other anti-inflammatory drugs. Food or drink (including mineral water) should not be consumed for at least thirty minutes after taking Alendronate.

ASPIRIN
AKA: Alka-Seltzer with Aspirin, Arthritis Pain Formula, A.S.A., Ascriptin A/D, Ascriptin Extra Strength, Aspergum, Bayer, Bayer 8-Hour, Bufferin, Bufferin Arthritis Strength, Bufferin Extra Strength, Carna Arthritis Pain Reliever, Ecotrin, Ecotrin Maximum Strength, Empirin, Maximum Bayer, Measurin, Norwich Extra-Strength, ZORprin.

Effects: According to the authors of The Pill Book, "aspirin may be the closest thing we have to a wonder drug" and "is the standard against which all other drugs are compared for pain relief and for reduction of inflammation." It has proven effective against multi-infarct dementia (MID), a form of senility in which small blood clots form in the brain, which is believed to comprise about 20 percent of all cases of senile dementia. Some suggest that aspirin may be helpful in preventing Alzheimer's, though studies have yet to be done to confirm this. Aspirin can also help prevent migraines, heart attacks and strokes. When combined with cholesterol-lowering drugs known as statins, aspirin may lower the risk of colon cancer, though more research needs to be done.

Precautions: It should not be used by those who have liver damage, who are allergic to aspirin or tartrazine (a common food coloring), who have peptic ulcers or a bleeding disorder, or who have a history of nasal polyps, asthma, or rhinitis. Buffered effervescent tablets and sodium salicylate should not be used by those who need to restrict sodium in their diet. Those with gout should consult a physician first. Use should be discontinued if dizziness, hearing loss, or ringing or buzzing in the ears develops. Aspirin can significantly reduce blood coagulation, and so should not be taken at least a week before — and probably some time after — surgery, including dental surgery. It can also reduce the body's production of melatonin by 75 percent, and render urine tests for blood sugar inaccurate. Common side effects include nausea, upset stomach, heartburn, loss of appetite, vomiting, and bloody stools. Other possible side effects include hives, rashes, liver damage, fever, thirst, difficulty sleeping, vision difficulties, and increased formation of stomach ulcers and stomach bleeding. Rare side effects include intense headaches, convulsions, excessive drowsiness, a flushing of the skin, a ringing in the ears, loss of hearing, excessive vomiting, facial swelling, vision problems, black or bloody stools, severe stomach pains or cramps. Excessive doses of 2000 mg or more per day can lower blood sugar, which may cause problems for diabetics, and even a few aspirin can cause the body to excrete vitamin C at up to three times the normal rate. A mild overdose produces symptoms which include deep and rapid breathing, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, a ringing or buzzing in the ears, flushing, sweating, thirst, headache, drowsiness, diarrhea, and rapid heartbeat. A severe overdose produces symptoms which include fever, excitement, confusion, convulsions, hallucinations, liver or kidney failure, coma, and bleeding. The lethal dosage is 30 to 90 regular-strength tablets and 20 to 40 maximum-strength tablets. Any product containing aspirin that gives off a strong vinegar odor should be discarded immediately, as the aspirin has started to deteriorate and is no longer effective. The effects of aspirin can be decreased when combined with antacids, Phenobarbitol, Propranolol, and Rauwolfia alkaloids, while aspirin toxicity may occur when combined with Bumet-anide, Ethacrynic acid, Furosemide, Para-aminosalicylic acid, Salicylates, and large doses of vitamin C. Aspirin can decrease the effects of Acebutolol, Allop-urinol, Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, beta-blocking drugs, Carteolol, Furosemide, Minoxidil, Ox-prenelol, Probenecid, Sotalol, Spirono-lactone, Sulfinpyrazone, and Terazosin. It can increase the effects of Cortisone, Dextrothyroxine (in large, continuous doses), Methotrexate, and Valproic acid. The effects of both drugs are enhanced when aspirin is combined with other anti-coagulants, penicillin, or Ticlopi-dine. The possibility of stomach ulcers and/or bleeding increases when it is taken with adrenal corticosteroids, anticoagulants, cortisone drugs, Diclofenac, Indomethacin, Ketoprofen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), or Phenylbutazone. Aspirin can result in low blood sugar when combined with oral anti-diabetic medication, a greater susceptibility to kidney damage when combined with gold compounds, an increased risk of bleeding when combined with Levamisole, a sudden drop in blood pressure when combined with Nitroglycerin tablets, and sodium and fluid retention when combined with Terazosin. It can also interfere with the effects of some diuretics when taken by those with severe liver disease. Terfena-dine can mask some symptoms of aspirin overdose, and doses of tetracy-clines and aspirin are taken at least an hour apart to avoid any interactions. When combined with alcohol, it can aggravate any stomach irritation and bleeding caused by aspirin, and increase the risk of aspirin-related ulcers. Combined with marijuana, it may slow the body's recovery from injury or illness; experts strongly recommend that this combination be avoided. Aspirin should be taken with food, milk, or water to reduce the risk of upset stomach or bleeding.

Dosage: One tablet a day. If taken on a regular basis, caution must be exercised, as aspirin can accumulate in the body over time, making overdosage much more likely.

BENACTYZINE
An anti-cholinergic drug used in Europe.

Effects: According to Pearson and Shaw, it can block phobic memories and projections.

BROMOCRIPTINE
AKA: CB-154, Parlodel, 2-bromo-alpha- ergokryptine. An ergot derivative like LSD and Hydergine, bromocriptine is prescribed for the treatment of certain symptoms of Parkinson's disease such as muscle rigidity, tremors, and problems with walking. It is also used for the treatment of infertility (both male and female), acromegaly, and some pituitary tumors.

Effects: It is an anti-oxidant and anti-depressant, and may play roles in enhancing memory, extending life span, reducing fat, and boosting immunity. It activates dopamine in the brain and, as a side effect, increases the libido.

Precautions: It should not be taken by those allergic to bromocriptine or Ergotamine, who have taken an MAO inhibitor in the previous two weeks, or who have narrow-angle type glaucoma. A physician should be consulted first if an individual has diabetes, epilepsy, high blood pressure, heart or lung disease, liver or kidney disease, a peptic ulcer, or who is going to have surgery within the next two months (including dental surgery) requiring general or spinal anesthesia. For those over 60, adverse side effects may be more frequent and severe. Common side effects include mood swings, body spasms, diarrhea, nausea, dry mouth, and body odor. Less common side effects include dizziness, fainting, headache, insomnia, nightmares, rash, itching, vomiting, irregular heartbeat, flushing of the face, blurred vision, muscle twitches, dark or discolored urine, difficulty in urinating, muscle cramps, loss of appetite, abdominal discomfort, nasal congestion, tingling and numbness of the hands and feet, constipation, and tiredness. Rare side effects include high blood pressure, hallucinations, psychosis, anemia, impotence, and hair loss. Lifethreatening or overdose symptoms include muscle twitches, spastic blinking, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, irregular and rapid pulse, weakness, fainting, confusion, agitation, hallucinations, and coma. There is evidence that bromocriptine may be addictive. The effects of bromocriptine may be diminished by oral contraceptives, estrogens, Haloperidol, Methyldopa, Papaverine, Phenothiazines, Progestins, vitamin B-6, and Rauwolfia alkaloids; they may be enhanced by other anti-Parkinson drugs. The effects of both drugs can be enhanced when combined with Guanfacine. When combined with levodopa, bromocriptine may weaken the anti- Parkinson effect. It can decrease the blood pressure when taken with anti-hypertensives, and dangerously increase blood pressure when taken with other ergot alkaloids or MAO inhibitors. It can lead to a decreased tolerance for alcohol. When taken with cocaine, the effects of bromocriptine may be decreased. Tobacco will interfere with the drug's absorption; marijuana and bromocriptine may result in fatigue, lethargy, and fainting.

CYCLOSPORINE
AKA: Neoral, Sandimmune. An immune-suppressing drug used to prevent transplanted organs from being rejected.

Effects: It has been found to cause neurons to grow new fibers that connect to other brain cells, which could possibly overcome brain damage caused by strokes, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease.

Precautions: Cyclosporine should be prescribed only by doctors who have had experience in immunosuppressive therapy and organ transplantation, and it should always be used in conjunction with adrenal corticosteroid drugs. It should not be taken by anyone with chicken pox or herpes zoster. Individuals who have liver problems, infections, or kidney disease may find that cyclo-sporine aggravates their conditions. Continued use may cause reduced kidney function and hypertension. Common side effects include kidney toxicity, gum inflammation and growth, bloody urine, jaundice, tremors, and increased hair growth. Less common side effects include fever, chills, sore throat, shortness of breath, frequent urination, headaches, leg cramps, brittle hair or fingernails, convulsions, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, reduction of white blood cells, sinus inflammation, male breasts that are painful or swollen, drug allergy, conjunctivitis, fluid retention, a ringing or buzzing in the ears, hearing loss, high blood sugar, and muscle pains. Rare side effects include confusion, irregular heartbeat, numbness or tingling in the hands and feet, nervousness, facial flushing, severe abdominal pain, weakness, acne, heart attack, itching, anxiety, depression, lethargy, mouth sores, swallowing difficulties, intestinal bleeding, constipation, pancreas inflammation, night sweats, chest pain, joint pains, visual disturbances, and weight loss. Use of cyclosporine becomes life-threatening if the symptoms include wheezing and shortness of breath, seizures, and convulsions. The effects of overdosing are irregular heartbeat, seizures, and coma. The oral solution is mixed in a glass (paper, plastic, and styrofoam cups should be avoided); it can be mixed with apple juice and orangejuice, but grapefruit juice can affect the breakdown of the drug, and milk may render it unpalatable. It is consumed immediately after mixing, and more juice should be poured into the glass and drunk to insure that the complete dose has been taken. Taking it with food may help prevent an upset stomach. Allopurinol, androgens, Bromocriptine, Cimetidine, Clarithromycin, Danazol, Diltiazem, potassium-sparing diuretics, Erythro-mycin, estrogens, Fluconazole, Itracona-zole, Methylprednisolone, Metoclo-pramide, Micardipine, and Verapamil enhance the effect of cyclosporine; anti-convulsants, Carbamazepine, Nafcillin, Phenobarbital, Phenytoin, Octreotide, Ticlopidine, Rifampin, and possibly Rifabutin diminish the effect. Cyclosporine can cause problems with the body's ability to remove Digoxin, Lovas-tatin, and Prednisolone, so the dosage of any of these drugs must be reduced when it is taken. Cyclosporine produces adverse effects when combined with a number of drugs: Itraconazole or Nimodipine increase its toxicity; immuno-suppressants may increase the risk of infection; Amphotericin B, Azapropazon, Cimetidine, Diclofenac, Gentamicin, Ketoconazole, Melphalan, Ranitidine, Tacrolimus, Tiopronin, Tobramycin, Trimethoprim-Sulfame-thoxazole, or medicines toxic to the kidneys (e.g., NSAIDS, sulfonamides, and those using gold, such as arthritis medications) may cause kidney damage; potassium-sparing diuretics, Enalapril, Lisinopril, potassium supplements, salt substitutes, or high potassium/low sodium foods can increase blood potassium; Lovastatin may cause heart and kidney damage; Vancomycin may cause hearing loss or kidney damage; and virus vaccines may cause adverse reactions to the vaccines. Other common substances that could cause toxic reactions include alcohol, cocaine, marijuana, and tobacco.

DONEPEZIL
AKA: Aricept.

Effects: Increases the availability of acetylcholine in the brain, improving memory in Alzheimer's patients for a short period of time.

FK506
AKA: Prograf, Tacrolimus. An immune-suppressing drug used to prevent transplanted organs from being rejected.

Effects: It has been found to cause neurons to grow new fibers that connect to other brain cells, which could possibly overcome brain damage caused by strokes, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease.

Precautions: It should not be taken by transplant patients who are sensitive or allergic to FK506. The elderly may be given a lower dosage to compensate for loss of kidney function. It may cause kidney damage in liver patients, especially in high doses, and mildly elevate blood potassium. It may also cause tremors, headaches, changes in muscle function, seizures, changes in mental state and sense perception, or other nervous-system problems. It may increase the chance of developing a lym-phoma or other malignancy; a viral infection related to Epstein-Barr may also occur. A mild to moderate elevation in blood pressure may indicate kidney damage. Common side effects include headaches, tremors, sleeplessness, tingling in the hands and feet, diarrhea, nausea, constipation, loss of appetite, vomiting, dental infections (in the absence of good oral hygiene, or where careless or excessive brushing and flossing causes bleeding), liver or kidney abnormalities, high blood pressure, urinary infection, decreased frequency of urination, anemia, increased white blood cells count, reduced blood-platelet count, changes in blood potassium level, reduced blood magnesium, high blood sugar, lung problems (including fluid in the lungs), breathing difficulties, itching, rash, abdominal pains, pain, fever, weakness, back pains, buildup of abdominal fluid, and fluid retention. Less common side effects include dream abnormalities, anxiety, confusion, depression, dizziness, instability, hallucinations, poor coordination, muscle spasms, psychosis, tiredness, strange thoughts, visual disturbances (including double vision), a ringing or buzzing in the ears, upset stomach, a yellow discoloration in the skin or whites of the eyes, swallowing troubles, stomach gas, stomach bleeding, fungus infection of the mouth, bloody urine, chest pain, rapid heartbeat, low blood pressure, diabetes, black-and-blue marks on the skin, aching in the muscles and joints, leg cramps, muscle weakness, asthma, bronchitis, coughing, sore throat, pneumonia, a stuffy and runny nose, sinus irritation, voice changes, sweating, skin rashes, and herpes infections. An overdose will result in increased side effects. Excessive suppression of the immune system can occur when it is taken with other immunosuppressants. Additional kidney damage may occur when taken with other drugs that cause kidney problems, such as aminoglyco-side antibiotics, Amphotericin B, Cis-platin, and —when taken within 24 hours of each other — Cyclosporine. Blood levels of FK506 (and attendant side effects) can increase when taken with antifungal drugs, Bromocriptine, calcium channel blockers, Cimetidine, Clarithromycin, Danazol, Diltiazem, Erythromycin, Methylprednisolone, and Metoclopramine; blood levels of FK506 can be decreased by Carbamazepine, Phenobarbitol, Phenytoin, Rifampin, Rifampicin. Vaccination efficacy may be reduced by FK506, and live vaccines such as BCG, measles, mumps, oral polio, rubella, TY 21 typhoid, and yellow fever should be avoided. The drug should be taken one hour before or two hours after meals to avoid absorption be food.

Dosage: For its use in transplant surgery, the usual dose is 0.075 to 0.15mg per pound of body weight a day in 2 divided doses, often adjusted to the lowest effective level to reduce side effects.

INTERFERON BETA
AKA: Betaseron, Interferon beta-Ib. A preliminary study has shown that interferon beta can counteract the memory loss that often occurs with multiple sclerosis.

Precautions: Nothing is known about the effects it might have on those without MS. Those taking Interferon beta may experience flu-like symptoms (fever, chills, muscle aches, sweating), mood swings, excessive sleep, severe depression, and suicidal tendencies. Common side effects include some form of pain at the site of injection, sinusitis, migraine headaches, fever, weakness, chills, muscle aches, abdominal pain, flu-like symptoms, menstruation that is painful or irregular, constipation, vomiting, liver inflammation, sweating, and a reduction in white blood cells. Less common side effects include swelling, pelvic pain, cysts, suicidal tendencies, thyroid goiter, heart palpitations, high blood pressure, rapid heartbeat, bleeding, laryngitis, breathing difficulties, stiffness, tiredness, speech problems, convulsions, uncontrolled movements, hair loss, visual disturbances, pink eye, feelings of a need to urinate, cystitis, breast pain, and cystic breast disease. Rare side effects encompass symptoms occurring almost everywhere on the body. Overdose symptoms are not known, but may be more severe manifestations of the above side effects. There are no known food or drug interactions.

Dosage: A subcutaneous injection of 8 million units every other day.

L-DOPA
AKA: Larodopa, levodopa, Lopar, L-3,4 dihydroxyphenylalanine. A precursor of the neurotransmit-ter dopamine, L-dopa is an amino acid found naturally in the body, even though it is classified as a prescription drug. It is metabolized from tyrosine, which in turn is converted from phenylalanine. It is used to treat Parkinson's disease, restless leg syndrome, and the pain resulting from herpes zoster (shingles).

Food Sources: Velvet beans.

Effects: It may reverse or even prevent the deterioration of the body generally associated with aging by fully restoring the hypothalamus' ability to maintain the body's biochemical home-ostasis; it may increase energy without the addiction and depressive aftermath associated with amphetamines; it can aid in weight loss by suppressing the appetite and stimulating the release of growth hormone; it is a powerful anti-oxidant; and it may act as a sexual aid by increasing the levels of the neurotrans-mitters norepinephrine and dopamine in the brain, stimulating the release of growth hormone, decreasing the levels of prolactin, and reducing the levels of serotonin. Taking vitamin C may maintain the levels of norepinephrine and dopamine in the body, while taking one or more of such anti-oxidants as vitamins B-l, B-5, B-6, and E, the minerals selenium and zinc, and the drug Hydergine may prevent free-radical damage caused by dopamine byproducts. It is sometimes administered with Carbidopa, which allows it to cross the blood/brain barrier much more easily and allows the dosage to be reduced by as much as 75 percent, reducing side effects considerably.

Precautions: It should not be taken by those who are allergic to L-dopa or Carbidopa, have taken an MAO inhibitor in the previous two weeks, have narrow-angle type glaucoma, have a history of stomach ulcers, or who have malignant melanoma or suspicious skin lesions. The hazards of L-dopa may be increased for those with diabetes, epilepsy, high blood pressure, heart or lung disease, a history of heart attacks, glaucoma, asthma, kidney disease, liver disease, hormone disease, peptic ulcer, or who have had surgery within the last two months (including dental surgery) that required general or spinal anesthesia. It should be used with extreme caution by those with a history of psychosis, and adverse reactions may be more frequent and severe in those over age 60. Common side effects include muscle spasms, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, dry mouth, drooling, eating problems arising from a loss of muscle control, tiredness, hand tremors, headache, dizziness, numbness, weakness or feelings of faintness, confusion, insomnia, teeth grinding, nightmares, euphoria, hallucinations, delusions, agitation, anxiety, an overall feeling of illness, mood changes, diarrhea, depression and suicidal feelings, and body odor. Less common side effects include heart palpitations or irregularities, dizziness when standing up, paranoia, some loss of mental abilities, difficulty in urinating, muscle twitches, a burning feeling on the tongue, bitter taste, constipation, unusual breathing patterns, blurred or double vision, hot flashes, changes in weight, dark urine, heavy perspiration, itchy skin, eyelid spasms, a flushing in the face, and tiredness. Rare side effects include stomach bleeding, ulcer, high blood pressure, convulsions, blood changes (including anemia), feelings of stimulation, hiccups, hair loss, hoarseness, the shrinking of male genitals, fluid retention, increased libido, and pain in the upper abdomen. Overdose symptoms include muscle twitches, eyelid spasms, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, rapid or irregular pulse, weakness, fainting, confusion, agitation, hallucinations, and coma. It could cause a condition called the serotonin syndrome, in which serotonin levels in the body are too high, and which is characterized by restlessness, confusion, sweating, diarrhea, excessive salivation, high blood pressure, increased body temperature, rapid heart rate, tremors, and seizures. The effects of L-dopa can be increased by antacids, Selegiline, or other anti-Parkinsonian drugs, and decreased by anticholinergic drugs, tricyclic anti-depressants, anti-convulsants, anti-hypertensives, benzodiazepine-type tranquilizers and sedatives, Haloperidol, Methionine, Methyldopa, Molindone, Papaverine, phenothiazine antipsychotic medications, Phenytoin, Pyridoxine (vitamin B-6), or Rauwolfia alkaloids. When combined with Albuterol, it can increase the risk of heartbeat irregularities; with tricyclic antidepressants or anti-hypertensives, it can lead to lowered blood pressure and weakness or faintness when standing up; with Guan-facine, it can lead to increased effects of both drugs; with MAO inhibitors, it can lead to dangerously high blood pressure (individuals should cease taking MAO inhibitors two weeks before starting L-Dopa); with Metoclopramide, it can lead to a higher absorption of L-dopa in the blood and a diminishing in the latter drug's effects on the stomach. Pyridoxine (vitamin B-6) or a high protein diet can decrease the effects of L-dopa; B-6 and L-dopa may have to be taken one-half to four hours apart to prevent this. While B-6 can increase dopamine levels in the blood, it can decrease dopamine levels in the brain, and some take Sinemet (a combination of L-dopa and Carbidopa) to keep brain dopamine levels high. When combined with cocaine, it can lead to a greater risk of heartbeat irregularity, and when combined with marijuana, it can lead to fatigue, lethargy, and fainting. It should be taken with food to avoid upset stomach.

Dosage: For Parkinson's patients, 0.5 to 8 grams/day according to a person's individual needs. For life-extension and cognitive enhancement purposes, it is generally suggested that 125 to 500 mg/day be taken, or 35 to 125 mg/day in combination with Carbidopa. Taking it just before sleep is probably the best strategy for stimulating the release of growth hormone.

METHYLPHENIDATE
AKA: PMS-Methylphenidate, Ritalin. A central nervous system stimulant used to treat attention deficit disorder in children, narcolepsy and mild depression in the elderly, plus other psychological, educational, and social disorders.

Effects: According to Durk Pearson and Sandy Shaw, it has been shown to improve learning, memory, and information processing by releasing norepi-nephrine in the brain.

Precautions: Continued or excessive use can lead to dependence or addiction, and possibly severe psychotic episodes. It should be used with caution by those with glaucoma or other visual problems, high blood pressure, epilepsy or seizures, or those who are generally tense, agitated, or allergic to the drug. It is a stimulant that can mask symptoms of fatigue, and so should be used with caution by those driving or using hazardous equipment. Since it is a stimulant that causes the release of norepinephrine, feelings of depression and a severely compromised immune system could occur between the time the neu-rotransmitter is metabolized and the body is able to make more. Common side effects in adults include nervousness and insomnia (which are usually controlled by reducing or eliminating the afternoon or evening dose), dizziness, headache, appetite loss, skin rash, itching, fever, joint pains, nausea, abnormal heart rhythms, drowsiness, changes in blood pressure or pulse, chest and stomach pains, psychotic episodes, some hair loss, and uncontrolled body movements. Rare side effects include blurred vision, sore throat, convulsions, and extreme tiredness. Overdose symptoms include vomiting, agitation, tremors, convulsions, coma, euphoria, confusion, hallucinations, delirium, sweating, flushing, headache, high fever, abnormal heart rate, high blood pressure, and dryness in the nose and mouth. Methylphenidate can reduce the effectiveness of antihypertensives, Gua-nadrel, Guanethidine, Minoxidil, and Terazosin, whereas its effectiveness can be reduced by anti-depressants and Cisapride. The effects of both drugs can be diminished if combined with Acebutolol, Nitrates, or Oxprenolol. Dextrothyroxine can greatly enhance the effects of Methylphenidate, as will MAO inhibitors, the latter also elevating blood pressure to dangerous levels. Methylphenidate can reduce the rate at which the following drugs are broken down in the body, resulting in higher levels in the bloodstream: anticholinergics, anticon-vulsants, central nervous system stimulants, anticoagulants, antidepressants, Phenylbutazone, and Oxyphenbuta-zone. When combined with Pimozide, it can hide the cause of tics. Combining with caffeine drinks and foods containing tyramine can raise blood pressure; with alcohol can result in drowsiness; and with cocaine, can raise blood pressure and increase the risk of heartbeat irregularities. It is best taken 30 to 45 minutes before meals.

Dosage: For the treatment of various disorders in adults, 20 to 30 mg/day in two to three divided doses, though dosage is always adjusted according to the individual. NlMODIPINE AKA: Nimotop, Periplum.

Effects: Prevents the constriction of blood vessels, which increases the flow of blood in the brain and decreases the chance of oxygen deprivation to the brain cells. It accumulates in the highest concentrations in the brain and spinal fluid, and is usually prescribed for strokes and migraine headaches. In fact, it is the only calcium-channel blocker known to improve neurological function after a stroke; however, it is probably the only calcium-channel blocker not used for angina or high blood pressure. It may also increase acetylcholine levels. One study has found that 90 mg in three divided doses over a 12-week period had a significantly positive effect on memory, depression, and general mood, though further research has been unable to replicate these results (it is still not fully known how the drug works). It is considered a possible treatment for Alzheimer's, dementia, age-related degenerative diseases, epilepsy, and ethanol intoxication, and may have some anti-stress and anti-aging properties.

Precautions: It should not be taken by those who are sensitive or allergic to it, or who have very low blood pressure. Nimodipine may pose risks to those who have kidney or liver disease, high blood pressure, and heart disease (excluding coronary artery disease). Those over 60 may find that side effects may be more frequent or severe. Side effects are generally mild. Common side effects include tiredness, flushing of the skin, diarrhea, low blood pressure, headache, and swelling of the feet, ankles, and abdomen. Less common side effects include itching, acne, rash, anemia, bleeding or bruising, unusual blood clotting, stomach bleeding, a heartbeat that is abnormally slow or fast, high blood pressure, heart failure, wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, dizziness, a numbness or tingling in the hands or feet, a swelling of the arms and legs, muscle cramps, difficulty urinating, nausea, constipation, depression, memory loss, psychosis, paranoia, hallucinations. Rare side effects include temporary blindness, increased angina, fainting, chest pain, fever, liver inflammation or jaundice, joint pain and swelling, hair loss, vivid dreams, headaches, vomiting, and sexual difficulties. Overdose symptoms include nausea, weakness, dizziness, drowsiness, confusion, slurred speech, a heartbeat that is abnormally fast or slow, changes in blood pressure, loss of consciousness, and cardiac arrest. The effects (and possible toxicity) of Nimodipine can be enhanced by antiarrhythmics, Betaxolol eye drops, Cimetidine, Levobutanol eye drops, Timolol eye drops, and decreased by calcium (large doses), Phenytoin, Rifampin, and vitamin D (large doses). Nimodipine can increase the effects (and possible toxicity) of oral anti-coagulants, hydantoin anticonvulsants, Car-bamazepine, Cyclosporine, Digoxin (large doses), Quinidine, and Theo-phylline, and weaken the effects of Lithium. The effects and possible toxicity of both drugs can be increased when combined with antiarrhythmics and Nicardipine. When combined with Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, it can lead to high levels of potassium in the blood; with anti-hypertensives, it can lead to changes in blood pressure; aspirin, can cause bleeding; with beta-adrenergic blocking agents, it may result in an irregular heartbeat and a worsening of congestive heart failure; with Disopyramide, it may cause the heartbeat to be dangerously fast, slow, or irregular; with diuretics, it may cause a dangerous drop in blood pressure; and with Tocainide, it may increase the risk of adverse reactions from either drug. Nimodipine can lead to dangerously low blood pressure when combined with alcohol, a possible irregular heartbeat when combined with cocaine and marijuana, and a possible rapid heartbeat when combined with tobacco. Experts advise that all such interactions be avoided. Nimodipine is taken at least one hour before or two hours after meals. It can be taken with food or drink if stomach upset occurs, though grapefruit juice should be avoided.

Dosage: For migraine headaches, the usual dosage is 120 mg/day in three divided doses; for cognitive enhancement, the recommended dosage is 60 mg in two divided doses.

PEMOLINE
AKA: Cylert, magnesium pemo-line. An amphetamine derivative and central nervous system stimulant prescribed for attention deficit disorders in children and daytime sleepiness.

Effects: Increases the level of nor-epinephrine in the synapses of the brain, creating greater nerve stimulation and possible improvements in learning, memory, and concentration.

Precautions: Releases vasopressin in the body, which could result in a depletion and feelings of depression. It should not be taken by those allergic or sensitive to it, and for those who do take it, regular liver function tests are recommended. Common side effects include loss of appetite, depression, drowsiness, dizziness, hallucinations, headache, irritability, nausea, rash, insomnia, and stomachache. Rare symptoms include hypersensitivity to the drug, wandering eye, weight loss, seizures, jaundice, and involuntary movements of the lips, face, tongue, and limbs. Overdose symptoms include agitation, hallucinations, rapid heartbeat, restlessness, involuntary muscle movements, fever, confusion, convulsions, and coma. Taking it on an empty stomach may cause stomach upset, and taking it too late in the day may result in troubled sleep.

Dosage: For therapeutic uses, 37.5 to 75 mg/day, not to exceed 112.5 mg/day; for brain-boosting effects, 18.75 to 75 mg/day is said to provide 6 to 12 hours of mental stimulation accompanied by physical relaxation.

PENICILLAMINE
AKA: Cuprimine, Depen. A drug modified from an amino acid in penicillin; it is prescribed to treat rheumatoid arthritis, prevent kidney stones, and treat heavy metal poisoning.

Effects: Removes heavy metals from the body.

Precautions: It should not be taken by those who are allergic or who have severe anemia. Penicillamine may be dangerous for those who suffer from kidney disease or who are allergic to any penicillin antibiotics. Those over 60 should exercise caution, as it could damage blood cells and kidneys. Common side effects include rash, itchy skin, swollen lymph glands, loss of appetite, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, and loss of taste. Less common side effects include sore throat, fever, increased incidence of bruising, swollen legs or feet, urine that is bloody or cloudy, an increase in weight, fatigue, weakness, and joint pain. Rare side effects include general pain, vision problems, tinnitus, mouth sores (including ulcers and white spots), breathing difficulties, coughing up blood, jaundice, abdominal pains, blisters, and peeling skin. Life-threatening and overdose symptoms include ulcers, sores, convulsions, coughing up blood, and coma. Prolonged use can damage the liver, kidneys, and blood cells. According to John Mann, additional side effects include loss of the skin's tensile strength (an effect that may be prevented by adequate nutrition) and a loss of zinc and vitamin B-6 (possibly prevented by supplementation of 100 mg/day of each). Combining Penacillamine with gold compounds or immunosuppres-sants can damage the kidneys and blood cells; with iron supplements, it can lessen the effect of penicillamine (they should be taken at least two hours apart); and with vitamin B-6, it can increase the need for this vitamin. The effects of penicillamine can be enhanced when combined with alcohol, cocaine, or marijuana, and diminished when combined with food.

Dosage: John Mann recommends 250 mg/day to start, increasing to 1000 to 2000 mg/day in four divided doses.

RAPAMYCIN
An immune-suppressing drug used to prevent transplanted organs from being rejected.

Effects: It has been found to cause neurons to grow new fibers that connect to other brain cells, which could possibly overcome damage caused by strokes, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. RlSPERIDONE AKA: Risperdal. A drug used in the treatment of schizophrenia and psychotic disorders.

Effects: It is believed to improve short-term memory by about 20 percent in patients taking the drug.

Precautions: Its memory-enhancing effects on non-schizophrenics are still unknown. It should not be taken by those who are allergic to it. It may be dangerous for individuals with liver or kidney disease, allergies to other medications, or a history of seizures. A small percentage of Caucasians and Asians are poor metabolizers of the drug because of a lack of inadequate liver enzyme to break it down, taking five days for a steady dose to reach the blood instead of the usual one. Side effects may be more pronounced in the elderly, and it may lead to photosensitivity in some people. Those taking it should refrain from driving or piloting any craft, or working in high places. Common side effects include trouble with swallowing or speaking, profuse sweating, stiffness or spasms in the muscles of the neck and back, stiffness or weakness in the limbs, anxiety, hand tremors, pale skin, unnatural tiredness, nervousness, irritability, difficulty in walking or balancing, stomach pain, gas, insomnia, dizziness or lightheadedness when moving from a prone or sitting position to a standing position, coughing, stuffy nose, nausea, vomiting, headaches, constipation, and drowsiness. Less common side effects include chest pain, fainting, breathing problems, vision changes, joint pain, fever, lowered sex drive, impotence, rash or other skin problems, sore throat, increased saliva in the mouth, and toothache. Rare side effects consist of such involuntary actions as smacking the lips, puffing out the cheeks, moving the tongue, and uncontrolled movements of the head, neck, arms, and legs. Life-threatening symptoms are known as the neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS), and include high fever, muscle rigidity, mental changes, pulse or blood pressure irregularities, sweating, and abnormal heart rhythms. This last symptom is known as torsade de pointes, and is lifethreatening. Overdose symptoms are merely more extreme manifestations of expected side effects. Risperidone can increase levels of the hormone prolactin, possibly leading to tumors of the pituitary gland, breast, and pancreas, though no documented cases have been noted. The effects of Risperidone are enhanced when taken with Clozapine; Clozapine can also diminish the effects of the drug, as can Carbamazepine. It can strengthen the effects of anti-hypertensives, deepen the sedative effect of other central nervous system depressants, and cause various problems when combined with levodopa. It also has an intensified sedative effect when combined with alcohol. What effects it has when combined with cocaine or marijuana are not known.

SELEGILINE
AKA: Deprenyl, Eldepryl, Jumex, Jumexal, Juprenil, L-deprenyl, Mover-gan, Procythol, SD Deprenyl, selegiline hydrochloride. A standard prescription drug used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease in combination with levodopa and Car-bidopa, and mental depression when taken by itself. The molecular structure is similar to phenylethylamine (PEA), which exists in both plants and animals (and is the so-called "love chemical" in chocolate), and also resembles such compounds as amphetamine, norepi-nephrine, dopamine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, L-dopa, and tyramine.

Effects: It can help slow the progress of Alzheimer's to a moderate degree by protecting the brain cells from the damaging effects of oxygen. It also benefits memory, attention, and reaction times in those with Parkinson's, and may also increase concentration, alertness, and mental stamina. In doses of 15 to 60 mg a day, it has relieved depression in 50 percent of those who suffered severely from this illness; one study has shown that it may work synergistically with vitamin B-6 and phenylalanine in this regard (5 mg of selegiline, 100 mg of vitamin B-6, and 1 to 6 grams of phenylalanine). It has increased the life span of rats by an average of 30 percent, and, more significantly, many of them lived beyond the maximum life expectancy for that species. Anecdotal evidence indicates it may be an aphrodisiac.

Precautions: While some studies show dramatic improvements in those with Alzheimer's, others have shown no significant increase for several types of memory tasks. It should not be taken by anyone allergic to selegiline. It may be dangerous for those with a history of peptic ulcers, profound dementia, severe psychosis, tardive dyskinesia, excessive tremors, or a previous bad reaction to selegiline. Those over 60 may be able to get by on smaller doses for a shorter period of time, as side effects may be more pronounced and more frequent. Driving or piloting any craft, operating any heavy machinery, or working in high places should not be undertaken while under the effects of the drug. Common side effects include increased sensitivity to ultra-violet rays from the sun, mood changes, unusual or uncontrolled body movements, hallucinations, headaches, lip smacking, difficult urination, abdominal pain, dizziness, dry mouth, insomnia, and mild nausea. Less common side effects include chest pain, irregular heartbeat, wheezing, swollen feet, speech difficulties, bloody or black stools, constipation, anxiety, tiredness, eyelid spasms, unpleasant tastes, blurred vision, leg pain, ringing in the ears, chills, skin rash, a burning on the lips or in the mouth, drowsiness, frequent and decreased urination. Rare side effects include weight loss, heartburn, jaw clenching or teeth gnashing, impaired memory, and uncontrolled body movements. Life-threatening symptoms include severe chest pain, enlarged pupils, irregular heartbeat, severe nausea and vomiting, and a stiff neck. Overdose symptoms (which can occur in doses of more than 10 mg/day) include high (and possibly fatal) blood pressure, difficulty in opening the mouth, muscle spasms in the neck and heel, sweating, fast and irregular heartbeat, hyperactive reflexes, cold or clammy skin, chest pain, agitation, fainting, seizures, coma, vivid dreams, nightmares, insomnia, restlessness, weakness, drowsiness, flushing of the skin, convulsions, incoherence, confusion, severe headache, high fever, heart attack, shock, excitement, overstimula-tion, irritability, anxiety, and muscle spasms in the face. It should not be taken with any foods that contain the enzyme tyra-mine — avocados, bananas, figs, and raisins; cheese; beer (including nonalcoholic beer), wine, and liquors; yeast extracts, bean pods, bean curd, fava beans, miso soup, or soy sauce; pickled or smoked fish, meat, or poultry; fermented sausage (summer sausage, salami, pepperoni); bologna; liver; overripe fruit — chocolate, or caffeine, as it could result in severe toxicity or death. Mark Mayell, however, insists that, since it only inhibits MAO-B and not MAO-A, it avoids this dangerous interaction. It should not be taken with any over-the-counter medications such as cough and cold medications, laxatives, antacids, diet pills, nose drops, or vitamins without consulting a physician first. There is an increased risk of mental instability and, possibly, death when combined with fluoxetine (there should be at least a five-week span between the time one drug is stopped and the other is taken). When taken with levodopa, there is a greater risk of side effects. With Meperidine (Demerol) and other MAO inhibitors, there could be a severe drop in blood pressure — as well as potentially fatal reactions — and with narcotics, there could be a toxic interaction that may result in seizures, coma, or death. With Sertraline, an increased depressive effect may result. With Sinemet (a combination of Carbidiopa and levodopa), there could be an increase in levodopa's side effects. It should not be combined with Milacemide, opiates, yohimbe, or yohimbine. The effects when combined with Sumatriptan are unknown. Combined with marijuana or tobacco, it could result in a rapid heart rate and, with cocaine, a rapid heart rate and high blood pressure.

Dosage: Smart drug users prefer the liquid form to the pill because it is easier to calibrate into smaller doses and is more readily absorbed into the body. For Parkinson's, the usual dose is 5 mg with breakfast and lunch, which may be enough to produce feelings of well-being and increased energy in the average person. Dr. Jozsef Knoll, who developed selegiline, recommends 10 to 15 mg/ week for the average healthy person age 45 and over. Even less may be effective, especially if taken with vitamin B-6 and phenylalanine. Ward Dean, M.D., et al., state that some individuals have taken up to 60 mg for three weeks with no significant side effects.